{
  "title": "CROSS: CIDOC CRM mapping",
  "version": "0.2",
  "date": "2026-10-02",
  "status": "Application profile for the CROSS codebook",
  "purpose": "Connect map witnesses, historical episodes and scholarly assessments without conflating an interpretation with the historical event it concerns.",
  "crm": {
    "name": "CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model",
    "version": "7.1.3",
    "namespace": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/",
    "definition_url": "https://cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html",
    "mapping_status": "Class and property domains and ranges checked against the pinned definition. This profile does not claim that every census record has already been converted into CRM data."
  },
  "entities": [
    {
      "id": "E22",
      "label": "Human-Made Object",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E22_Human-Made_Object",
      "cross_use": "An identified physical map witness. A database record or an unidentified image is not itself this object."
    },
    {
      "id": "E12",
      "label": "Production",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E12_Production",
      "cross_use": "The manufacture of a physical map witness."
    },
    {
      "id": "E7",
      "label": "Activity",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E7_Activity",
      "cross_use": "A historical translation, annotation, commissioning, authentication, use or circulation episode, with its own evidence."
    },
    {
      "id": "E65",
      "label": "Creation",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E65_Creation",
      "cross_use": "Creation of intellectual content, where this can be distinguished from physical manufacture."
    },
    {
      "id": "E39",
      "label": "Actor",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E39_Actor",
      "cross_use": "An identified historical actor or present researcher; use E21 Person or E74 Group where appropriate."
    },
    {
      "id": "E53",
      "label": "Place",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E53_Place",
      "cross_use": "An episode location or identified geographical place. Institutional actors remain separate from locations."
    },
    {
      "id": "E52",
      "label": "Time-Span",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E52_Time-Span",
      "cross_use": "An evidenced temporal extent. Keep historical dates separate from dates of scholarly assessment."
    },
    {
      "id": "E34",
      "label": "Inscription",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E34_Inscription",
      "cross_use": "The recognisable linguistic content of a map inscription. Its particular physical embodiment and image region remain separately identifiable."
    },
    {
      "id": "E36",
      "label": "Visual Item",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E36_Visual_Item",
      "cross_use": "Recognisable graphic content. This is distinct from its physical carrier."
    },
    {
      "id": "E90",
      "label": "Symbolic Object",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E90_Symbolic_Object",
      "cross_use": "Symbolic content carried by a physical map; E34 and E36 provide more specific classes."
    },
    {
      "id": "E13",
      "label": "Attribute Assignment",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E13_Attribute_Assignment",
      "cross_use": "A dated scholarly assignment of a code or relation to an identified target, with coder, consulted evidence and reasoning."
    },
    {
      "id": "E55",
      "label": "Type",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E55_Type",
      "cross_use": "A controlled CROSS code, role, evidence grade or property type. These vocabularies have distinct purposes."
    },
    {
      "id": "E31",
      "label": "Document",
      "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/E31_Document",
      "cross_use": "An identifiable evidence document or scholarly record. Bibliographic and archival locators identify the passage used."
    }
  ],
  "patterns": [
    {
      "id": "physical_production",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E12",
        "label": "Production"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P108",
        "label": "has produced",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P108_has_produced",
        "domain": "E12",
        "range": "E24"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E22",
        "label": "Physical map witness"
      },
      "rule": "E22 is within the E24 range. Assert only for the identified witness; an image date is not its manufacture date."
    },
    {
      "id": "intellectual_creation",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E65",
        "label": "Creation"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P94",
        "label": "has created",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P94_has_created",
        "domain": "E65",
        "range": "E28"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E90",
        "label": "Created symbolic content"
      },
      "rule": "Use when the evidence supports an intellectual creation distinct from physical manufacture; E90 is within E28."
    },
    {
      "id": "episode_actor",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E7",
        "label": "Historical episode"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P14",
        "label": "carried out by",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P14_carried_out_by",
        "domain": "E7",
        "range": "E39"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E39",
        "label": "Responsible actor"
      },
      "rule": "This is active participation with causal or legal responsibility. Do not apply it to every affected, named or present actor."
    },
    {
      "id": "episode_time",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E7",
        "label": "Historical episode"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P4",
        "label": "has time-span",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P4_has_time-span",
        "domain": "E2",
        "range": "E52"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E52",
        "label": "Historical time-span"
      },
      "rule": "E7 is within the E2 domain. Record uncertainty and the dating source; do not invent a date to fill the field."
    },
    {
      "id": "episode_place",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E7",
        "label": "Historical episode"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P7",
        "label": "took place at",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P7_took_place_at",
        "domain": "E4",
        "range": "E53"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E53",
        "label": "Episode location"
      },
      "rule": "E7 is within the E4 domain. This records location, not political jurisdiction or institutional membership."
    },
    {
      "id": "historical_source_use",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E7",
        "label": "Production or translation activity"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P16",
        "label": "used specific object",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P16_used_specific_object",
        "domain": "E7",
        "range": "E70"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E70",
        "label": "Identified source map or content"
      },
      "rule": "Use requires evidence for this particular source. P16 does not connect two production events or prove genealogy from visual similarity."
    },
    {
      "id": "symbolic_content",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E22",
        "label": "Physical map witness"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P128",
        "label": "carries",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P128_carries",
        "domain": "E18",
        "range": "E90"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E90",
        "label": "Symbolic content"
      },
      "rule": "Keep the physical witness distinct from its content. E22 is within E18."
    },
    {
      "id": "graphic_content",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E22",
        "label": "Physical map witness"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P65",
        "label": "shows visual item",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P65_shows_visual_item",
        "domain": "E24",
        "range": "E36"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E36",
        "label": "Graphic element or recognisable image"
      },
      "rule": "E22 is within E24. Showing an image does not establish what it represents or why it was used."
    },
    {
      "id": "assessment_target",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E13",
        "label": "Scholarly assessment"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P140",
        "label": "assigned attribute to",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P140_assigned_attribute_to",
        "domain": "E13",
        "range": "E1"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E1",
        "label": "Target element, witness or historical episode"
      },
      "rule": "The target is the subject of the attributed relationship. It is not the coder or the evidence source."
    },
    {
      "id": "assessment_code",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E13",
        "label": "Scholarly assessment"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P141",
        "label": "assigned",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P141_assigned",
        "domain": "E13",
        "range": "E1"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E55",
        "label": "Assigned CROSS code"
      },
      "rule": "E55 is within E1. A relation assessment may assign another CRM entity instead; each assignment records one explicit target-relation-value combination."
    },
    {
      "id": "assessment_property",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E13",
        "label": "Scholarly assessment"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P177",
        "label": "assigned property of type",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P177_assigned_property_of_type",
        "domain": "E13",
        "range": "E55"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E55",
        "label": "Type of relationship being assigned"
      },
      "rule": "This names the relationship from the P140 target to the P141 value. For classification, use P2 has type; for a CROSS-specific property, define that property explicitly. The relationship type and assigned code are not interchangeable."
    },
    {
      "id": "assessment_coder",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E13",
        "label": "Scholarly assessment"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P14",
        "label": "carried out by",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P14_carried_out_by",
        "domain": "E7",
        "range": "E39"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E39",
        "label": "Researcher or responsible research group"
      },
      "rule": "E13 is an E7 subclass. This actor is the assessor, separate from historical makers and informants."
    },
    {
      "id": "assessment_time",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E13",
        "label": "Scholarly assessment"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P4",
        "label": "has time-span",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P4_has_time-span",
        "domain": "E2",
        "range": "E52"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E52",
        "label": "Assessment time-span"
      },
      "rule": "Use the actual coding date when coding has occurred. An illustrative template does not create a completed assessment."
    },
    {
      "id": "assessment_evidence",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E13",
        "label": "Scholarly assessment"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P16",
        "label": "used specific object",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P16_used_specific_object",
        "domain": "E7",
        "range": "E70"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E31",
        "label": "Consulted evidence document"
      },
      "rule": "E13 is within E7 and E31 within E70. Identify the exact passage, folio or image feature in the evidence record."
    },
    {
      "id": "documentary_reference",
      "subject": {
        "class": "E31",
        "label": "Evidence document"
      },
      "property": {
        "id": "P70",
        "label": "documents",
        "uri": "http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/P70_documents",
        "domain": "E31",
        "range": "E1"
      },
      "object": {
        "class": "E1",
        "label": "Documented entity"
      },
      "rule": "The direction is document to entity. This documentary relationship is distinct from the assessment's consultation of the source and is not a certainty grade."
    }
  ],
  "family_pattern": {
    "label": "A family is reconstructed through evidenced relationships",
    "steps": [
      "Later production or translation activity → P16 → identified source map or content",
      "Later production activity → P108 → resulting physical map witness"
    ],
    "rules": [
      "The source and result are separately identified objects or content entities. Do not replace the source object with its production event.",
      "Uncertain source use is recorded as an E13 attribution with its source and grade, without automatically asserting the direct historical P16 relationship.",
      "A shared atlas, commission or manuscript group can support research but does not establish a copying lineage.",
      "Family membership does not add maps to the census. Each counted witness must independently meet the census admission rule."
    ]
  },
  "roles": {
    "label": "Roles belong to participation in particular episodes",
    "qualifier": "P14.1 in the role of",
    "qualifier_range": "E55",
    "implementation": "For RDF, use the official property-class pattern: PC14 with P01 has domain, P02 has range, and P14.1 in the role of. Do not attach the role qualifier directly to a person as a permanent identity.",
    "affected_actor_rule": "Being affected, coerced or mentioned does not by itself make an actor responsible for an activity. Record the affected actor and action explicitly in CROSS; use a CRM participation relationship only when its scope is supported.",
    "official_url": "https://cidoc-crm.org/Issue/ID-588-common-policy-method-for-implementing-the-.1-properties-of-base-and-extensions-in-rdf"
  },
  "assessment_rules": [
    "Historical episodes and present research assignments have distinct identifiers, actors and dates.",
    "E13 preserves who assigned a relationship and how; storing an attribution does not automatically endorse the historical assertion.",
    "Evidence grade, assessment status, relation status and outcome status are distinct CROSS fields. CRM supplies no built-in scale equivalent to the CROSS evidence grades.",
    "Keep documented, derived, inferred and uncertain grades in a declared CROSS vocabulary. Preserve reasoning, alternatives, coder, source locator and codebook version.",
    "Keep historical manufacture, later annotation, later use and the creation of a digital reproduction as separate events when the evidence distinguishes them.",
    "Unknown values remain null with a reason. Do not use the word unknown as a fabricated person, place, date or physical witness identifier."
  ],
  "china_image_study": {
    "study_id": "CIH-CHINA",
    "title": "Memālik-i Çīn (Lands of China), Cihannüma tradition",
    "counted_in_census": false,
    "physical_witness_status": "Displayed scan identified in Daniel Crouch Rare Books inventory 1741 as a hand-coloured engraving from the 1732 Cihannüma. Current custody and institutional shelfmark remain unresolved.",
    "source_reference_id": "RUMSEY-1607-11201.437",
    "source_reference_role": "Primary inspected 1607 Atlas minor comparison witness, David Rumsey Map Collection 11201.437. It is not identified as the immediate physical exemplar of the Ottoman print.",
    "crm_treatment": "CIH-CHINA identifies the map-image study. The direct dealer catalogue supplies object metadata while current custody remains unknown. Graphic content and inscriptions have separate identifiers. E13 assessments connect each target to a code treated as an E55 Type, with the dimension, evidence, preparer and date recorded separately. The software preparation agent is provenance, not an invented human specialist or adjudicator.",
    "assignments": [
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-L1",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-L1",
        "dimension": "Meaning of the cardinal direction",
        "assigned_code": "L-TRA",
        "evidence_grade": "inferred",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      },
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-V1",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-V1",
        "dimension": "Insular topology and elongated form",
        "assigned_code": "V-RET",
        "evidence_grade": "inferred",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      },
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-V2",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-V2",
        "dimension": "Historical operation accounting for the change in map orientation",
        "assigned_code": "V-ND",
        "evidence_grade": "uncertain",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      },
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-L2",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-L2",
        "dimension": "Meaning of the geographic generic island",
        "assigned_code": "L-TRA",
        "evidence_grade": "inferred",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      },
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-L3",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-L3",
        "dimension": "Rendering of a geographic name between Latin and Arabic scripts",
        "assigned_code": "L-TRL",
        "evidence_grade": "inferred",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      },
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-V3",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-V3",
        "dimension": "Position north of China and the curving sequence of peaked forms",
        "assigned_code": "V-RET",
        "evidence_grade": "inferred",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      },
      {
        "assessment_id": "CIH-CHINA-A-V3-IDENTITY",
        "target_id": "CIH-CHINA-V3",
        "dimension": "Whether the Wall has been reinterpreted as mountains",
        "assigned_code": "V-ND",
        "evidence_grade": "uncertain",
        "assignment_status": "proposed",
        "accepted_for_analysis": false
      }
    ],
    "data_file": "china_worked_example.json",
    "source_note": "Direct Crouch catalogue, inventory 1741, identifies the displayed image. Rumsey 11201.437 supplies the primary comparison. Chinese witness images supply comparison context, not identified exemplars.",
    "limits": [
      "Do not identify the Rumsey impression, the auxiliary HKUST copy or the Chinese comparative witness as the exact physical exemplar.",
      "Current custody and physical source chain remain unknown. Do not invent actors or intervening manufacture events to complete the graph.",
      "Material and power relationships remain not assessed.",
      "Specialist review and any subsequent attribution require separately dated records."
    ]
  },
  "official_sources": [
    {
      "label": "CIDOC CRM 7.1.3: class and property definitions",
      "url": "https://cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html"
    },
    {
      "label": "E13 and attribution properties",
      "url": "https://cidoc-crm.org/taxonomy/term/37"
    },
    {
      "label": "Property-class implementation for participation roles",
      "url": "https://cidoc-crm.org/Issue/ID-588-common-policy-method-for-implementing-the-.1-properties-of-base-and-extensions-in-rdf"
    },
    {
      "label": "P70 documentary relationships",
      "url": "https://cidoc-crm.org/Issue/ID-362-p70-documents"
    }
  ],
  "example_revision_date": "2026-10-03"
}