# Other Jesuit-connected cartographies: coverage and counting

This is a source-based research inventory beyond Ricci, Aleni and Verbiest. It contains 152 catalogue rows and 106 conservatively countable map units. It is not an exhaustive census of every surviving Jesuit-connected map. The corpus separates works, editions, surviving copies, atlas containers, constituent maps, compound-map sheets, later impressions, facsimiles and a lost presentation attestation.

## How to count these records

Use `countable` or its identical alias `countableUnit`. Do not count JSON rows, images or manifests as maps. `entityCategory` has four values: `map`, `atlas-container`, `map-sheet` and `lost-attestation`. The 16 atlas/group containers, 23 image-sheet or fragment records, one lost attestation, five historical copy attestations without verified current copy identity, and the non-Jesuit Bering appendix are excluded from the 106 map units. Countable units include distinct physical copies and manuscript drafts. They are not a count of independent intellectual works.

Two d’Anville records explicitly group numbered image parts. The twelve detailed Tartary sheets form one compound map; the nine detailed Tibet sheets form another. Each sheet remains available as an image part through `imageParts`, `partOfUnit`, `unitGroupId` and its exact IIIF canvas/service. The general overview of Tartary and general overview of Tibet remain separate maps. The sampled Tartary heading identifies a numbered “Feuille particulière”; the Tibet heading identifies a numbered sheet within the general map. The saved study images and full manifest support this grouping decision. No mosaic has been fabricated.

The BnF Kangxi container is different. BnF calls it an ensemble of thirteen maps, and each child catalogue describes one separately titled regional carte. Its container is excluded, while its thirteen independently catalogued regional maps remain countable. A few maps can be geographically joined, but that alone does not turn every map in an atlas into one physical map. The NPM Qianlong example is only one sheet from a much larger thirteen-row map and is therefore a non-countable `map-sheet`. Bologna’s surviving portion of Schall’s star map is likewise retained as a fragment, not counted as another complete map.

| Coverage | Rows | What the rows represent |
| --- | ---: | --- |
| Sambiasi | 7 | BnF copy, Ghent copy, four further institutional historical copy attestations, and the separate 1639 presentation attestation |
| Ruggieri | 32 | One manuscript-atlas container and 31 surfaces explicitly labelled as maps in the archive’s live index |
| Martini | 26 | Eight copy/group records, one 2003 facsimile, and 17 map components of Zürich’s German edition |
| Boym | 19 | One manuscript-atlas container and 18 unfolded map states |
| Schall and Chinese collaborators | 3 | Vatican copy, Bologna fragment, and the imperial copy attested in the MOWCAP institutional account |
| Kangxi survey atlas and derivatives | 16 | BnF container and 13 regional woodcuts, LOC’s Fuchs facsimile, and a separately typed anonymous manuscript derivative |
| d’Anville | 46 | Two physical atlas-copy containers, 42 image components, and two explicit compound-map groups |
| Qianlong | 1 | NPM’s 1932 impression of one sheet from the 1760 copperplates |
| Kircher | 2 | Delaware’s separately held circa 1700 Imperium Sinicum and its circa 1667 book-map Tabula Geodoborica |

## Primary evidence and image access

The research retains three complete institutional IIIF manifests: [Boym, Vatican Borg.cin.531](https://digi.vatlib.it/iiif/MSS_Borg.cin.531/manifest.json), [Schall, Vatican BAVOA.233](https://digi.vatlib.it/iiif/GDS_BAVOA.233/manifest.json), and [d’Anville, Göttingen PPN340023538](https://manifests.sub.uni-goettingen.de/iiif/presentation/PPN340023538/manifest?version=8b7f2484). Their image-service IDs are copied from the manifests. There are 61 exact service-bearing image records. Many rows inherit the same bound-volume manifest; 83 manifest-bearing rows do not mean 83 distinct manifests.

[Zürich’s Martini catalogue](https://www.e-rara.ch/zuz/content/titleinfo/23987816) publishes the German 1656 edition, shelfmark T 3, Public Domain Mark and [its IIIF manifest](https://www.e-rara.ch/i3f/v20/23987816/manifest). The web tool exposed the manifest’s map ranges and the complete institutional table of contents. Sixteen map canvas IDs were recorded from those ranges. For Iaponia Regnum, the exact JPEG link from the institutional map viewer was retained; a canvas ID was not invented from that filename. Direct raw-manifest fetches returned HTTP 403. The retained evidence therefore distinguishes a published, observed manifest from a successfully downloaded raw manifest.

A bounded image-access follow-up located and followed the exact institutional JPEG medium link for each of all seventeen Zürich maps, including Honan through its table-of-contents range link. All seventeen rows now have `imageUrl` values sourced independently from the library viewers. These are JPEG download links, not invented IIIF services. The repeated raw-manifest and manifest-published METS requests still returned HTTP 403; direct HTTP requests to all seventeen JPEG links also returned 403 from this environment. The link evidence and the unsuccessful byte-fetch evidence are retained separately in `martini-jpeg-link-inventory.json`, the follow-up web snapshots, and `martini-jpeg-http-checks.json`. `imageServiceUrl` remains null for these maps. The overall catalogue now has 84 rows with an observed image or thumbnail link, without asserting that every link was successfully downloaded.

[Rome’s Ruggieri archive](https://imagoarchiviodistatoroma.cultura.gov.it/ruggieri/ruggieri_docs.html) supplies an institutional [live image index](https://imagoarchiviodistatoroma.cultura.gov.it/ruggieri/php/table_to_json.php). Its viewer code constructs legacy IIP JPEG URLs from the exact index filenames. The research follows that same code and retains the code and index as evidence. Two representative JPEG requests returned HTTP 200. The complete index has 79 digitized surfaces, including texts, blank versos and alternative drafts; it does not contain 79 maps. Its manuscript surface numbers are retained separately from a shelfmark, which the captured archive presentation does not provide.

[BnF’s thirteen Kangxi records](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb485596249) were saved individually, with their exact shelfmarks and linked Gallica reproductions. The catalogue identifies later manuscript annotations and colouring as copy features. Sample Gallica IIIF requests returned HTTP 403, so no guessed manifest or service URL has been supplied. A failed fetch is not evidence that an institution lacks IIIF. The [Sambiasi record](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb406117733) is treated the same way.

[The NPM exhibition](https://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh111/ChengdeSummerResort/ch/page-2-5.html) identifies 平圖021068 as a 1932 printing from Qianlong 25, 1760, copperplates. Four bounded exhibition images returned HTTP 200. That physical impression is not silently redated to 1760. Delaware provides a [book-map exhibition record](https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/multiple-middles/exhibition-item/06-tabula-geodoborica-in-china-illustrata/) and scanned PDF rather than a verified individual IIIF service.

`evidence/fetch-*-log.json` files record attempted URLs, UTC times, statuses or exceptions, content types and saved filenames. The evidence folder contains only metadata, source code needed to resolve published image links, small study images and one short institutional historical study. No massive originals were downloaded. `build_inventory.py` reproduces `sources.json` and `summary.json` locally and checks required fields, unique IDs, URL shapes, evidence-file existence and counting exclusions. These structural checks do not prove untested HTTP access.

## Attribution and date limits

Chinese collaboration is recorded where primary institutional descriptions identify it. Rome names an anonymous Chinese contributor to Ruggieri’s atlas and identifies the original Chinese Liautum map as a source within the collection. Schall’s entry preserves Xu Guangqi’s leadership, Wu Ming-chu’s production role in the Bologna description, and unnamed Chinese astronomical observers. Kangxi’s survey is described as a Qing imperial enterprise with Chinese, Manchu, Tibetan and European participants. The Yellow River headwaters sheet preserves the specifically named earlier and later official expeditions. Matteo Ripa is an engraver of the copperplate version and was not a Jesuit; Bonjour is not relabelled as Jesuit merely because he appears among the survey contributors.

The public Vatican catalogue for Boym is shelfmark-only. The manuscript’s title was read from its title-page image; attribution to Boym and probable composition in 1651–1652 are separately sourced to the institutional ARSI study. Eighteen unfolded map states were visually identified. Folio labels are used when a title has not been transcribed. Bindings, partly folded states and repeated scans are not added as new maps.

Sambiasi’s dates cannot safely be standardized across copies. BnF currently dates its impression to circa 1648, while older institutional descriptions use earlier work-family dates. The 1639 imperial presentation is retained as a lost-object attestation with a possible-prototype relation, not identified as the BnF or Ghent physical copy. The historical six-copy census is attributed to Ghent’s library exhibition and is not asserted as a complete 2026 census.

## Remaining coverage gaps

This inventory does not yet establish every original Sambiasi impression’s current shelfmark and access endpoint, every Martini language/edition/state, all Ruggieri draft dependencies, Boym’s other dispersed manuscripts, or every original Kangxi and Qianlong manuscript, woodcut, copperplate impression and later derivative. The British Library, National Palace Museum, First Historical Archives of China and other repositories need copy-level follow-up. The Kangxi Ripa copperplate edition is documented as a related branch, but no new unverified copy record has been fabricated for it.

Further Jesuit cartographic families, including Semedo-related maps, Brancato/Brancati’s mission geography, Gerbillon’s travel maps, later Gaubil and Hallerstein material, and Benoist’s separate world-map tradition, remain research leads rather than unsupported catalogue entries. This bounded inventory should be presented as an evidence-backed study corpus with explicit gaps, not as “all Jesuit maps.”

Vatican endpoints provide study access but the viewer reserves publication rights. Zürich explicitly uses Public Domain Mark, and Spain’s Defence copy uses CC BY 4.0 with a required provenance line. Other objects retain an unknown or institution-specific digital-image reuse status where the captured record does not state a licence. Availability of an image endpoint has not been converted into permission for unrestricted republication.