Mapping Encounters Census

Index of entries

CROSS investigates how translation produced geographical knowledge across words, images and objects. This preliminary census identifies 107 cross-cultural maps and supplies material for testing that historical argument. The project will expand it into a database of more than 500 maps through collection research. Each counted entry identifies one surviving map and a supported translation operation.

What the census establishes

Florin-Stefan Morar compiled this census of 107 cross-cultural maps. Each record identifies one surviving witness, its holding, qualifying translation operation, sources and evidence grade.

Complete images are openly available for 98 entries, including in scholarly reproductions. Two entries have partial coverage, and exact-witness image coverage is not established for seven. This supports corpus selection and hypothesis formation. Targeted collections research will address difficult readings and material questions. Complete coverage does not guarantee sufficient resolution for every inscription or the survival of every original sheet.

Version 4 · 11 October 2026. The inclusion rule and counting unit are set out in Definitions. Release description · Permanent version.

Select a thumbnail to inspect its source and match. Open a title for the basis for inclusion, family links and references. Download the reviewed census.

Census entries grouped by region. Select a title for sources, languages, references and identification notes. Select a thumbnail to inspect its image.
					Why cross-cultural	Holding

Definitions

The labels used in the index follow the proposal’s framework. The four situations of production are provisional, assigned from the literature; in the project they are strata to be tested against the coded evidence, not a typology of maps.

Entry: One identified map in a specified manuscript, edition or state. Its holding and, where available, shelfmark or stable catalogue record identify the witness. A related copy counts only if it has its own assessed entry.
Scope: Ca. 1500–1800. At least one translation operation between mapping traditions must be documented in the map or its accompanying texts, directly or through a cited study of that evidence. Baseline maps and European compilations as whole works are excluded.
Item: One map, chart or globe in one historical state. Several physical sheets forming a single map count as one item. An atlas is not counted alongside its individual maps.
Family: Copies, editions and adaptations linked to the identified map. Relationships are recorded as reproduction, localization or transformation where the evidence permits. A shared commission or atlas is noted separately from a demonstrated line of descent. Family information does not increase the map count.
Co-production: People trained in different traditions made the map together, as Ricci did with Li Zhizao.
Transposition: A finished map was carried into a new setting and remade there, as Ricci's was in Japan and Korea.
Compilation: A map was built at a distance from translated sources, as Gastaldi's Africa (1564) drew on Leo Africanus.
Appropriation: A maker took up another tradition's forms to press a claim of his own, as Guaman Poma did in his Mapa mundi.
Priority: AHigh research priority. BMedium research priority. CLower research priority. Priority does not establish cross-cultural eligibility.
Access: Open image: a complete image of the identified witness is freely viewable, including a scholarly reproduction. Resolution and colour quality vary. Partial: only details, incomplete images or a different copy are available. Restricted: an identified digital image requires permission or restricted access. Coverage not established means no access classification can yet be supported. A catalogue record alone does not establish image access.
Why cross-cultural: One specific operation that supports inclusion. Location, colonial setting and the makers’ backgrounds alone do not qualify a map. The evidence may document an encounter or derive a relationship from identified models; qualifications remain visible. Full COMPASS coding will test further operations.
Regions: Browsing groups follow the encounters studied. They do not assign maps to self-contained cultural traditions. The West Asian and Mediterranean group includes Armenian–Dutch and Jewish–Christian exchanges in Amsterdam.
Images: Thumbnails are reduced reproductions shown to identify each map and support scholarly commentary. Each is credited to its holder or source and linked to the original. Rights remain with the holding institutions; follow the source link for reuse terms. Openly licensed images state their licence. Rights holders who prefer an image to be removed or replaced by a link can contact the author through ORCID 0000-0003-3415-2638.
Review: The active count contains assessed maps. Excluded records and unresolved candidates remain in the audit trail, with reasons. This dated release preserves its records. Subsequent research is kept separately and can be issued in a new release.
Identification note: Evidence relevant to the attribution, dating or relationship of the identified witness. Qualifications distinguish documented facts from historical inferences.

Regional groups organise the index; stable IDs retain earlier prefixes where a map has moved to a more appropriate group. These groups are not claims about bounded mapping traditions.

From the preliminary census to a database of 500+ maps

The preliminary census identifies 107 cross-cultural maps. CROSS will expand this foundation into a database of more than 500 maps. Collection research will identify further maps and trace related copies, editions and adaptations, applying the same inclusion criteria to every entry.

Stage	Evidence and next step
107 identified maps	One map per entry, with a stated operation, evidence and a holding or catalogue reference. The count excludes unresolved candidates and whole atlas compilations.
Families and further witnesses	Related copies and adaptations provide leads for the survey. Each additional witness must pass the same inclusion test before entering the count.
Project database: 500+ maps	CROSS will build a database of more than 500 individually identified maps through collection research and the reconstruction of map families.
Full COMPASS coding	The census records a basis for inclusion. Detailed coding will examine each map’s inscriptions, graphic conventions and material form against its sources and context.

Read the release description and counting rules.

COMPASS codes

Choose a code to see what it means, when it may be used, and maps in the census that carry it. The numbers count census maps. Select a map to open its record.

Compact Cihannüma–Hondius illustrations below each code show how a reading is assessed. The Hondius observations used in these illustrations have been checked by the PI. Ottoman readings and proposed code assignments remain provisional. Illustrations are excluded from the census code counts. See the human review record.

`RET` Retention

Applies to: L-RET inscriptions · V-RET graphic elements

An identified feature is carried into a new mapping context without change in the dimension being assessed: wording, meaning, shape or another explicitly defined attribute.

Use when: Match the source and target feature and state what persists. In the linguistic tier, distinguish an unchanged form from a change of script.
Do not infer: Shared appearance without a source relationship is correspondence, not yet retention. Retention alone does not make a baseline map cross-cultural.
Evidence needed: Source and target locators; evidence for their relationship; the particular dimension retained.
Related codes: L-TRL or V-ADP can coexist only when they describe different dimensions or stages, each with its own assignment.

Codebook example. Decision example: an outline, sign or name kept from an identified source without a change of script, meaning or graphic convention may receive RET. Resemblance to an unidentified exemplar does not establish retention.

In the census (26 maps)

AM-009 Carte du cours du Maragnon1745 publication; survey 1743–1744 (BnF… · BnF, GE DD-2987 (9542)Reworks Fritz’s earlier map, which incorporated Indigenous geographical reports. This is a mediated transfer through a documented predecessor, not proof of a new direct collaboration.
EA-021 Chōsen koku zenzu, map of Korea in Sangoku tsūran zusetsu1785 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Japonais 316, folded Korea mapHayashi’s preface names a map transmitted through the interpreter for Korea (朝鮮大象胥) among the sources for his map of Korea.
OI-005 World map in the Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 7b–8aGastaldi-school world geography relabelled in Ottoman Turkish.
AM-025 Map of Cholula1581 · Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin,…Local Nahua spatial and political information was recast in a map responding to the Spanish geographical inquiry.
EA-028 Kunyu wanguo quantu byōbu, Kobe Nanba screen17th century · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Matsutarō Collection; 167.5 × 379.1 cmA Japanese manuscript copy adds shoal markings, the Gold and Silver Islands, and the name Dongning for Taiwan.
OI-009 Western hemisphere map in Tarih-i Hind-i GarbiSeventeenth century; inserted into a… · Leiden University Libraries, Or.12.365, f. 120aEuropean hemisphere geography rendered in Ottoman Turkish.

Show all 26 maps

AM-031 Map of Culhuacán1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXIII-14A local map accompanying the geographical relation translates Indigenous territorial knowledge into the crown’s requested visual report.
EA-029 Gonyeo manguk jeondo, Seoul National University Museum painted copy1708 · Seoul National University MuseumThe Korean court reproduced a Ming-painted Ricci world map as a large painted artifact for its own political and scholarly setting.
OI-017 World map in Levami al-nur1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998, f. 12vMercator-Hondius world geography translated into Ottoman Turkish.
AM-039 Plan et Scituation des Villages Tchikachas1737 · Archives nationales d’outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, FR CAOM…The surviving French transcript preserves an Indigenous village-and-path diagram: circles designate villages, straight lines paths and squares fields. The documentary chain records an Indigenous deerskin map and de Batz’s…
EA-033 Tianxia jiubian fenye renji lucheng quantu 天下九邊分野人跡路程全圖, British Library print1644 · British Library, London; identified 1644 print reproduced by Cams,…Assemblage joins a Chinese administrative map to continents and names taken from Aleni and Yang’s Chinese world map.
OI-018 Asia map in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; Asia sheet reproduced in…European atlas geography redrawn for Ottoman geographical writing.
AM-047 Oztoticpac Lands Mapc. 1540 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, item 88690436;…Indigenous cadastral diagrams and measurements are combined with Nahuatl and Spanish alphabetic annotations concerning contested property.
EA-035 Dai Min kyūhen bankoku jinseki rotei enzu 大明九邊分野人跡路程全圖, MacLean MC 26634c. 1705; publication bracket 1699–1706 · MacLean Collection, MC 26634; 121 × 121.5 cmThe Japanese edition changes the universal title to Great Ming, adds a Kyoto imprint and recasts the Chinese wall map as a folding map.
OI-019 Old World hemisphere in Nusrat al-islamc. 1685 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, B.325; Old World hemisphere reproduced…Blaeu hemisphere geography is redrawn with Ottoman labels and selective omissions.
AM-048 Humboldt Fragment VI: plan of palace lands in Texcoco litigationc. 1546 · Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Manuscripta americana 1, Bl. 4, Fragment 6A property diagram copied from the Oztoticpac map retains Indigenous measurements and adds Spanish jurisdictional wording within a pictorial representation of a colonial hearing.
EA-038 Shanhai yudi quantu / Wudazhou quantu, paired hemispheres in Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略1612 or shortly thereafter · National Archives of Japan, Fangyu shenglüe, waiyi section, first…Ricci-derived geography and copied Chinese prefaces are reorganized into two hemispheres in the book’s account of foreign peoples.
OI-026 Hemispheres in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; hemisphere map reproduced…European hemisphere representation redrawn in Ottoman manuscript.
AM-050 Pintura of Amoltepec, Relación geográfica1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin, JGI…A requested royal map preserves the circular boundary arrangement and local place glyph, while incorporating a Catholic church as a central settlement sign.
EA-042 Chikyū bankoku sankai yochi zenzusetsu 地球萬國山海輿地全図説, LOC gm71005079late 1780s; LOC dates [1785?], Unno c.… · Library of Congress, G3200 1785 .N31; gm71005079The Japanese map retains translated world geography and revises northern Japan and recently known place names.
OI-032 Rectangular world map1579 · Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, IsIAO collection, uncatalogued…Majorcan marine charts are assembled with al-Idrisi’s Arabic geographical tradition.
AM-051 Map of Zolipa, Misantla, Veracruz1573 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1535;…An Indigenous territorial painting was annotated in Spanish by the corregidor to authenticate a proposed land grant.
EA-044 Kō Min yochi no zu 皇明輿地之図, Rinsendō print WC-2/27c. 1659 in scholarship; catalogue… · Yokohama City University Library, WC-2/27; one woodblock map, 124 ×…A Japanese woodblock edition reproduces the 1631 Chinese map with a Kyoto publishing imprint.
OI-038 Iberian Peninsula and western Maghreb chart in the 1571 atlasWork dated 1571; surviving manuscript… · Bodleian Library, MS. Marsh 294, f. 7r (digital label 7a)Catalan coastal names are transcribed in Arabic script alongside retained Arabic names for Iberian places.
EA-048 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiu shi fangyu gujin tu, MacLean 297731800; signed and dated August 1800 · MacLean Collection, 29773; image 60 × 93 cm, scroll 211 × 105 cmThe signed 1800 map abridges Zhuang’s earlier Chinese adaptation of European hemisphere cartography and retains voyage-route markings.
OI-039 North Pole map in the 1729 Cihannüma manuscript1729 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Supplément turc 215, f. 60rEuropean polar geography is redrawn and selectively relabelled in an Ottoman manuscript.

Cihannüma and Hondius: Korea’s outline

V-RET · proposed

Hondius: An elongated island, separated from the mainland.
Cihannüma: A corresponding island outline.

Retention concerns the island form. The immediate exemplar and the meaning given to that form need separate evidence.

The Ottoman reading and inferred relationship await specialist review.

Hondius observation checked by Florin-Stefan Morar, 10 October 2026. Review record.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`TRL` Transliteration

Applies to: L-TRL inscriptions

A name or expression passes between writing systems through a rendering of its sound or written form.

Use when: Record both strings in their original scripts, a reading, language and script, and any evidenced intermediary. Distinguish historical spelling from modern normalization.
Do not infer: Use TRA for transfer of meaning. A name inside a graphic symbol is still a linguistic element; V-TRL is not used.
Evidence needed: Paired inscriptions with exact locators; a defensible reading of each form; evidence for the transmission link.
Related codes: TRA may apply to a translated component of a mixed name. Split the components instead of assigning incompatible codes to one undivided string.

Codebook example. Decision example: a source name rendered by correspondence of written or sound forms may receive L-TRL once both readings and their relationship are supported. A change of script alone is insufficient. On Ricci’s world map of 1602, America rendered as 亞墨利加 (Yamolijia) is L-TRL.

In the census (39 maps)

AF-007 Il disegno della geografia moderna de tutta la parte dell’Africa1564 · American Geographical Society Library, University of…Al-Hasan al-Wazzan’s African geography enters an Italian map.
AM-026 Map of Cempoala (Hidalgo)1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXV-10An Indigenous response to a Spanish questionnaire combines place-name glyphs and alphabetic names, and adapts imported paper and European church imagery.
EA-001 Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print1602 · James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota; LOC digital…European geography is rendered in Chinese. The Bell Library print specifically changes the Portugal label and deletes explanatory text from the woodblocks (Morar, fig. 1.1a).
SA-022 Tupaia’s map, surviving fair copy1770, after work in 1769 · British Library, Add MS 21593.CPolynesian island and sailing knowledge was translated into a chart during work with Cook’s officers.
SA-019 Selden map of China, with Latin annotationsc. 1620; annotated 1687 · Bodleian Library, MS. Selden supra 105Shen Fuzong and Thomas Hyde added Latin renderings of Chinese names to this map in 1687.
OI-005 World map in the Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 7b–8aGastaldi-school world geography relabelled in Ottoman Turkish.

Show all 39 maps

AF-010 Sketch map of Western Europe and Africac. 1733–1734 · British Library, Add MS 32556, f. 239vA Senegambian Muslim scholar and an English interlocutor co-produced an Arabic–English geographical account.
EA-009 Liangyi xuanlan tu, Liaoning copy with Manchu annotations1603 print; annotations c. 1625–1636… · Liaoning Provincial Museum, ShenyangThe surviving print carries Manchu cosmological explanations and place names; neighboring countries use established Manchu names while others are transliterated.
PA-001 Chart of New Zealand drawn by Tuki, annotated by King1793 · The National Archives, Kew, MPG 1/532/5Tuki’s Māori geography was transferred to paper and accompanied by King’s English renderings of names and explanations.
SA-024 Hindoostan, 1782 edition1782 · Library of Congress, G7625 1782 .R4Persian geographical names and itineraries entered this English map through translation and compilation.
OI-009 Western hemisphere map in Tarih-i Hind-i GarbiSeventeenth century; inserted into a… · Leiden University Libraries, Or.12.365, f. 120aEuropean hemisphere geography rendered in Ottoman Turkish.
AF-011 Prima Tavola: Africa, woodcut edition1554 · Afriterra, map 648 (catalogue record ID 4823)African geographical descriptions are selected and converted into an Italian printed map.
EA-014 Imperii Sinarum nova descriptio, opening map of Novus atlas Sinensis1655 · Library of Congress, G2305.M3 1655; item 2002625249, opening mapChinese geographic sources are selected and labeled in Latin within a European engraved map.
SA-027 A Description of East India Conteyning th’Empire of the Great Mogoll1619 · British Library, Maps K.Top.115.22Mughal geography and dynastic names were rendered in an English map, including an adapted imperial seal.
OI-012 Central Mediterranean chart, al-Sharafi atlas1551 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 2278, f. 6vMediterranean portolan information transliterated into Arabic.
AF-012 Caerte des Lantschaps vande Goutkust in Guinea (Axim to Ningo)c. 1629 · Nationaal Archief, The Hague, 4.VEL 743 (VEL0743)African accounts of territories and trade are translated into named areas, dotted divisions and Dutch map annotations.
EA-016 Carte générale de la Chine, Scheurleer edition1730 design; 1737 printing · David Rumsey Map Collection, 13322.011Qing map data and translated geographic reports are assembled and relabeled for a French-language map.
OI-017 World map in Levami al-nur1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998, f. 12vMercator-Hondius world geography translated into Ottoman Turkish.
EA-017 Carte générale du Thibet, Scheurleer edition1733 design; 1737 printing · National Museum of Taiwan History, 2003.014.0089.0032A Qing-derived Tibetan map transmitted by Régis is reduced and relabeled for French publication.
OI-018 Asia map in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; Asia sheet reproduced in…European atlas geography redrawn for Ottoman geographical writing.
EA-018 Carte la plus générale qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise et le Thibet, Scheurleer…1734 design; 1737 printing · David Rumsey Map Collection, 13322.010Qing map data and translated geographic reports are assembled and relabeled for a French-language map.
OI-019 Old World hemisphere in Nusrat al-islamc. 1685 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, B.325; Old World hemisphere reproduced…Blaeu hemisphere geography is redrawn with Ottoman labels and selective omissions.
EA-020 Bankoku sōkaizu, 1708 edition1708 · University of British Columbia, Rare Books and Special Collections;…The Ricci-derived Bankoku sōzu world layout is recut with Japanese labels and imagery.
OI-022 Persicum Regnum, Ottoman translation1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998; Persicum Regnum…Latin names transliterated into Ottoman script.
EA-026 Honil gangni yeokdae gukdo jido, Honkōji witnessSixteenth-century revised witness;… · Honkōji Temple, Shimabara, Nagasaki PrefectureThe map retains Euro-African names traced to Islamic geography within a revised Korean-Chinese world-map design.
OI-029 Hajji Ahmed cordiform world map, Budapest impression1795 impression of blocks cut 1559–1560 · Museum of Ethnography, Budapest, map collection, inv. 2784Venetian world geography and explanatory material translated and adapted for Ottoman readers.
SA-009 Imperium Japonicum in sexaginta et octo provincias divisum1727 · Zentralbibliothek Zürich, 4 Nh 04: 1, tab. VIIIJapanese printed maps were reworked with Kaempfer’s materials into a Latin map of Japan.
OI-030 Carte de la Mer Noire, French translation of Müteferrika1768 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE SH 18 PF 99 P 3Ottoman nautical knowledge translated into a French manuscript chart.
EA-030 Bankoku sōzu, 1671 printed map1671 · Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod.jap. 4, map openingChinese Ricci-derived continental outlines are recast in a Japanese map with Japanese labels and a peoples panel.
OI-031 Harita-i Darül-cihad Sureti: Crimea and the Black Sea1773 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Emanet Hazinesi 1450A printed European war map was translated into Ottoman Turkish.
EA-039 Sansen yochi zenzu 山川輿地全図 in Morokoshi kinmō zui 唐土訓蒙図彙1719 · National Archives of Japan, Morokoshi kinmō zui, juan 2, fols. 2a–3a;…Japanese recutting changes the Chinese source’s landforms and labels while preserving the paired hemispheres.
OI-035 Italy and central Mediterranean chart in Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 3b–4aItalian chart geography is relabelled and locally supplemented for Ottoman use.
EA-040 Sekai bankoku chikyūzu 世界萬國地球圖, Meiji AS04/130//H1708 · Meiji University Library, Ashida Collection AS04/130//H; BB00474558;…The Japanese print uses European-derived polar hemispheres and Japanese labels; its inscription names Kentei’s figures as the source.
OI-036 Hamatarats Ashkharhatsuyts: Armenian world map1695 · National Library of Armenia, digitised map record 123456789/14241Armenian and Dutch collaborators co-produced a world map with Armenian names and European visual conventions.
EA-041 Yochizu 輿地図, Kobe Nanba copy1720 · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 90.9 × 154.1 cm (catalogue)Katakana place names and revised Southeast Asia localize the Ricci-derived world map; Gold and Silver Islands are added east of Japan.
OI-038 Iberian Peninsula and western Maghreb chart in the 1571 atlasWork dated 1571; surviving manuscript… · Bodleian Library, MS. Marsh 294, f. 7r (digital label 7a)Catalan coastal names are transcribed in Arabic script alongside retained Arabic names for Iberian places.
EA-042 Chikyū bankoku sankai yochi zenzusetsu 地球萬國山海輿地全図説, LOC gm71005079late 1780s; LOC dates [1785?], Unno c.… · Library of Congress, G3200 1785 .N31; gm71005079The Japanese map retains translated world geography and revises northern Japan and recently known place names.
EA-050 Ichnographia urbis Jedo, plate XXX in The History of Japan1727 · Wolfgang Michel Collection, Fukuoka; photographed copy of The History…Ishikawa Ryūsen’s 1689 Japanese city plan is reduced into a European engraved plate with a Latin title and romanized labels.
EA-051 Map on oil paper of the Kingdom of Korea given to the Jesuits by the Chineselate 1720s–early 1730s, before… · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et Plans, Ge DD 2987…The Paris copy carries a key to Manchu place names and transliterated toponyms from material sent from Beijing.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The name Luconia

L-TRL · proposed

Hondius: LUCO / NIA, a name split over two lines.
Cihannüma: لوقونيا, provisionally read Luqūniyā.

The candidate describes the name rendered by sound across scripts. The Ottoman reading, vocalisation and mediating language require checking.

The Ottoman reading and inferred relationship await specialist review.

Hondius observation checked by Florin-Stefan Morar, 10 October 2026. Review record.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`TRA` Translation

Applies to: L-TRA inscriptions · V-TRA graphic elements

Meaning is rendered through another language or an explicitly corresponding graphic convention.

Use when: For L-TRA, record source and target meanings. For V-TRA, establish that different signs communicate the same function or category in their respective convention profiles.
Do not infer: A change in appearance alone is ADP. A different referent is SUB. A resemblance between signs does not establish equivalent meaning.
Evidence needed: Paired elements, contextual readings and the relevant convention profiles; a reason to identify semantic correspondence.
Related codes: TRL or ADP may describe a separate component or dimension, with linked assignments explaining the distinction.

Codebook example. Decision example: a generic place-name component rendered for its meaning, such as Latin insula by a word meaning island, receives L-TRA, while a phonetic proper-name component in the same label receives L-TRL.

In the census (31 maps)

AF-010 Sketch map of Western Europe and Africac. 1733–1734 · British Library, Add MS 32556, f. 239vA Senegambian Muslim scholar and an English interlocutor co-produced an Arabic–English geographical account.
AM-015 Map of Tenochtitlan, Codex Mendoza, fol. 2rc. 1542 · Bodleian Libraries, MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, fol. 2rIndigenous pictorial knowledge was explained orally in Nahuatl, interpreted into Spanish, and written beside the images for a European readership.
EA-001 Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print1602 · James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota; LOC digital…European geography is rendered in Chinese. The Bell Library print specifically changes the Portugal label and deletes explanatory text from the woodblocks (Morar, fig. 1.1a).
PA-001 Chart of New Zealand drawn by Tuki, annotated by King1793 · The National Archives, Kew, MPG 1/532/5Tuki’s Māori geography was transferred to paper and accompanied by King’s English renderings of names and explanations.
SA-007 Banda, Insulae Typus1601 · Nationaal Archief, 1.01.02, inv. 12551.21A contemporary letter identifies Javanese drawings behind Erédia’s Portuguese map of Banda.
OI-001 World map, surviving Atlantic fragment1513 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1633 mükerrerPortuguese and Columbus-derived charts translated into an Ottoman world chart.

Show all 31 maps

AF-012 Caerte des Lantschaps vande Goutkust in Guinea (Axim to Ningo)c. 1629 · Nationaal Archief, The Hague, 4.VEL 743 (VEL0743)African accounts of territories and trade are translated into named areas, dotted divisions and Dutch map annotations.
AM-024 Map of Teozacoalco1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXV-03, Teozacoalco map sheetA Mixtec territorial-genealogical map answers the Spanish crown’s geographical questionnaire, combining local signs and history with Spanish inscriptions and Christian settlement signs.
EA-003 Wanguo quantu in Zhifang waiji, National Archives of Japan copy1623 · National Archives of Japan; map reproduced as figure 22 by PapelitzkyA European-derived world map is rendered in Chinese within Aleni and Yang Tingyun’s geography.
SA-019 Selden map of China, with Latin annotationsc. 1620; annotated 1687 · Bodleian Library, MS. Selden supra 105Shen Fuzong and Thomas Hyde added Latin renderings of Chinese names to this map in 1687.
OI-022 Persicum Regnum, Ottoman translation1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998; Persicum Regnum…Latin names transliterated into Ottoman script.
AM-040 Nations amies et Ennemies des TchicachasSeptember 1737 · Archives nationales d’outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, FR CAOM…Mingo Ouma supplied a map of alliances to the Captain of Pakana for peace negotiations; de Batz made a French transcript.
EA-004 Kunyu quantu, Library of Congress print1674 · Library of Congress, gm71002352Chinese text and translated place names accompany European double-hemisphere geography.
SA-020 Map of the northern Pacific in Shilu1593 · Biblioteca Nacional de España, R/33396, map 31d–eEuropean Pacific geography was rendered in Chinese words and woodblock form for readers in Manila.
OI-029 Hajji Ahmed cordiform world map, Budapest impression1795 impression of blocks cut 1559–1560 · Museum of Ethnography, Budapest, map collection, inv. 2784Venetian world geography and explanatory material translated and adapted for Ottoman readers.
AM-045 [Comanche diagram of the Battle of Sierra Blanca, 1787]1787; Spanish certification dated 30… · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G4322.S395 1787 .C6;…The Indigenous battle diagram and Spanish key survive together. Translating its pictorial signs into alphabetic explanations made the account legible within Spanish colonial reporting.
EA-009 Liangyi xuanlan tu, Liaoning copy with Manchu annotations1603 print; annotations c. 1625–1636… · Liaoning Provincial Museum, ShenyangThe surviving print carries Manchu cosmological explanations and place names; neighboring countries use established Manchu names while others are transliterated.
SA-023 Chart of the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Livro de Francisco Rodrigues, f. 37after 1520, following a c. 1513 original · Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale, Paris, MS 1248, f. 37A Javanese chart was translated for Albuquerque; scholarship identifies this surviving chart as a derivative.
OI-030 Carte de la Mer Noire, French translation of Müteferrika1768 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE SH 18 PF 99 P 3Ottoman nautical knowledge translated into a French manuscript chart.
AM-047 Oztoticpac Lands Mapc. 1540 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, item 88690436;…Indigenous cadastral diagrams and measurements are combined with Nahuatl and Spanish alphabetic annotations concerning contested property.
EA-032 Chikyū zenzu, Waseda two-sheet map1792 · Waseda University Library, ル11 00809 (Ru11 00809)A Dutch-issued European hemisphere map is redrawn and labeled in Japanese.
SA-024 Hindoostan, 1782 edition1782 · Library of Congress, G7625 1782 .R4Persian geographical names and itineraries entered this English map through translation and compilation.
OI-031 Harita-i Darül-cihad Sureti: Crimea and the Black Sea1773 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Emanet Hazinesi 1450A printed European war map was translated into Ottoman Turkish.
AM-051 Map of Zolipa, Misantla, Veracruz1573 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1535;…An Indigenous territorial painting was annotated in Spanish by the corregidor to authenticate a proposed land grant.
EA-036 Kunyu quantu 坤輿全圖, Ghent BIB.IZN.000011c. 1639–1645; Ghent print commonly… · Ghent University Library, BIB.IZN.000011; older identifiers Krt. 928…European outlines and a spherical-earth explanation are rendered in Chinese.
SA-026 Map of Awadh (Avad), Gentil atlas, f. 191770 · British Library, Add Or 4039, f. 19Persian geographical and historical information was translated into a French-labelled map with Indian pictorial scenes.
OI-036 Hamatarats Ashkharhatsuyts: Armenian world map1695 · National Library of Armenia, digitised map record 123456789/14241Armenian and Dutch collaborators co-produced a world map with Armenian names and European visual conventions.
AM-052 Map of Tezontepec and Acatitlan, Hidalgo1571 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1240;…An Otomí community’s pictorial claim was presented through an identified interpreter and authenticated with alphabetic glosses and officials’ signatures.
EA-046 Chikyū zenzu 地球全図, world-map appendix to Hokusa bunryaku 北槎聞略1794 · National Archives of Japan, original Hokusa bunryaku submitted in…A Russian world-map model is copied and annotated in Japanese for the 1794 account.
OI-037 Eretz ha-Kedoshah: Holy Land map in the Amsterdam Haggadah1695 · Jüdisches Museum Berlin, GDR90/505/8Christian biblical cartography is translated and reframed within a Hebrew Passover book.
EA-047 Oranda shin’yaku chikyū zenzu 喎蘭新訳地球全図, Tokushima 世141796 · Tokushima University Library, 世14; 553 × 921 mmThe map presents a new Japanese translation of a Dutch world map and assembles additional Chinese and Japanese explanations.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The category attached to Korea

L-TRA · proposed

Hondius: insula, meaning island.
Cihannüma: cezīre, provisionally read as island.

The generic island is the selected element. The place-name itself is a separate unit. Equivalent meaning suggests a translation to test, but does not establish direct copying between these impressions.

The Ottoman reading and inferred relationship await specialist review.

Hondius observation checked by Florin-Stefan Morar, 10 October 2026. Review record.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`SUB` Substitution

Applies to: L-SUB inscriptions · V-SUB graphic elements

A source name, referent or element is replaced by a different one without preserving its semantic identity.

Use when: Identify what was replaced, what took its place and the relevant location or function.
Do not infer: Use TRA when different conventions express the same meaning, and ADP when the inherited feature persists in an altered form. Do not infer suppression from replacement alone.
Evidence needed: A bounded source-target pairing and an argument for replacement rather than an unrelated addition.
Related codes: Use a separate OMI or INV only if a distinct operation is evidenced; do not count the two sides of the same substitution twice.

Codebook example. Decision example: replacement of one named authority by another in the same cartouche can be coded SUB when the source relationship is established.

In the census (7 maps)

AF-008 Habessinia seu Abassia, map dated 16831683–c.1690 (map dated 1683) · Universitätsbibliothek Basel, Kartenslg. Mappe 252:62Abba Gorgoryos’s Ethiopian geographical knowledge translated into a Latin map.
EA-001 Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print1602 · James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota; LOC digital…European geography is rendered in Chinese. The Bell Library print specifically changes the Portugal label and deletes explanatory text from the woodblocks (Morar, fig. 1.1a).
OI-012 Central Mediterranean chart, al-Sharafi atlas1551 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 2278, f. 6vMediterranean portolan information transliterated into Arabic.
EA-009 Liangyi xuanlan tu, Liaoning copy with Manchu annotations1603 print; annotations c. 1625–1636… · Liaoning Provincial Museum, ShenyangThe surviving print carries Manchu cosmological explanations and place names; neighboring countries use established Manchu names while others are transliterated.
OI-023 Khuzistan map in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; Khuzistan sheet reproduced…Replaces atlas geography with Arabic-Persian regional knowledge.
EA-035 Dai Min kyūhen bankoku jinseki rotei enzu 大明九邊分野人跡路程全圖, MacLean MC 26634c. 1705; publication bracket 1699–1706 · MacLean Collection, MC 26634; 121 × 121.5 cmThe Japanese edition changes the universal title to Great Ming, adds a Kyoto imprint and recasts the Chinese wall map as a folding map.

Show all 7 maps

OI-035 Italy and central Mediterranean chart in Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 3b–4aItalian chart geography is relabelled and locally supplemented for Ottoman use.

Cihannüma and Hondius: A name or graphic element in the same position

Not assigned in this pair

Hondius: An identifiable source designation or sign.
Cihannüma: A different designation or sign serving its place.

A new script or altered spelling is insufficient for substitution. This comparison has no verified replacement of one name or sign by another.

A demonstrated source relationship and a checked replacement would be needed.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`ADP` Adaptation

Applies to: L-ADP inscriptions · V-ADP graphic elements

An inherited element is altered to fit a receiving language, convention, audience or use while retaining its referent or function.

Use when: State the inherited feature, the alteration and the convention or use that makes the change intelligible.
Do not infer: Difference alone does not establish adaptation to a local convention. Use ND if the receiving convention cannot be established.
Evidence needed: Source and target locators, identified continuity, and a convention profile or contextual source for the proposed adjustment.
Related codes: RET or TRA can apply to another dimension. ASM belongs to the enclosing composite, not automatically to each adapted feature.

Codebook example. Decision example: a confirmed inherited sign redrawn to fit an evidenced receiving convention may receive V-ADP. A change of page orientation alone does not establish that convention or justify this code. On the Teozacoalco map of 1580 (AM-024), horseshoe tracks join the footprints marking roads, a visual adaptation of an Indigenous cartographic convention.

In the census (70 maps)

AF-011 Prima Tavola: Africa, woodcut edition1554 · Afriterra, map 648 (catalogue record ID 4823)African geographical descriptions are selected and converted into an Italian printed map.
AM-002 Mapamundi del rreino de las Yndiasc.1615 · Royal Danish Library, GKS 2232 4º, pp. 1001–1002An Andean author reorganised European world-map conventions through the four Andean suyus within a Spanish-language address to the king.
EA-001 Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print1602 · James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota; LOC digital…European geography is rendered in Chinese. The Bell Library print specifically changes the Portugal label and deletes explanatory text from the woodblocks (Morar, fig. 1.1a).
SA-022 Tupaia’s map, surviving fair copy1770, after work in 1769 · British Library, Add MS 21593.CPolynesian island and sailing knowledge was translated into a chart during work with Cook’s officers.
SA-007 Banda, Insulae Typus1601 · Nationaal Archief, 1.01.02, inv. 12551.21A contemporary letter identifies Javanese drawings behind Erédia’s Portuguese map of Banda.
OI-026 Hemispheres in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; hemisphere map reproduced…European hemisphere representation redrawn in Ottoman manuscript.

Show all 70 maps

AF-012 Caerte des Lantschaps vande Goutkust in Guinea (Axim to Ningo)c. 1629 · Nationaal Archief, The Hague, 4.VEL 743 (VEL0743)African accounts of territories and trade are translated into named areas, dotted divisions and Dutch map annotations.
AM-006 Map of Tenochtitlan (2nd Letter)1524 · Newberry Library, VAULT Ayer 655.51 .C8 1524dA reconstructed Indigenous prototype or Indigenous spatial model was reworked through European woodcut and urban-view conventions.
EA-003 Wanguo quantu in Zhifang waiji, National Archives of Japan copy1623 · National Archives of Japan; map reproduced as figure 22 by PapelitzkyA European-derived world map is rendered in Chinese within Aleni and Yang Tingyun’s geography.
PA-001 Chart of New Zealand drawn by Tuki, annotated by King1793 · The National Archives, Kew, MPG 1/532/5Tuki’s Māori geography was transferred to paper and accompanied by King’s English renderings of names and explanations.
SA-020 Map of the northern Pacific in Shilu1593 · Biblioteca Nacional de España, R/33396, map 31d–eEuropean Pacific geography was rendered in Chinese words and woodblock form for readers in Manila.
OI-029 Hajji Ahmed cordiform world map, Budapest impression1795 impression of blocks cut 1559–1560 · Museum of Ethnography, Budapest, map collection, inv. 2784Venetian world geography and explanatory material translated and adapted for Ottoman readers.
AM-011 Passage par terre à la Californie1705 · David Rumsey Map Collection, David Rumsey Map Center, Stanford…Kino used Indigenous information about overland routes and the provenance of blue shells when revising California from island to peninsula; the 1705 French map transmits that result.
EA-005 Jiangxi yu tu, in Huangyu quanlan fensheng tu1721–1722 (catalogue dating) · Library of Congress, G2306.F7 H8 1722; item 2002626779, Jiangxi sheetChinese provincial geography is plotted on the survey’s graticule, with Beijing as prime meridian.
SA-023 Chart of the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Livro de Francisco Rodrigues, f. 37after 1520, following a c. 1513 original · Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale, Paris, MS 1248, f. 37A Javanese chart was translated for Albuquerque; scholarship identifies this surviving chart as a derivative.
OI-030 Carte de la Mer Noire, French translation of Müteferrika1768 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE SH 18 PF 99 P 3Ottoman nautical knowledge translated into a French manuscript chart.
AM-016 Map of Mexico City and its surroundings (Uppsala map)c. 1537–1541 proposed; traditionally c.… · Uppsala University Library, Alvin record 85478;…Nahua spatial and pictorial conventions are selectively combined with European visual strategies; an added Latin dedication mediates the map for Charles V.
EA-006 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiushi fangyu gujin tu1794 · Library of Congress, gm71005053British double-hemisphere geography is reorganized around Chinese textual and geographic concerns.
SA-026 Map of Awadh (Avad), Gentil atlas, f. 191770 · British Library, Add Or 4039, f. 19Persian geographical and historical information was translated into a French-labelled map with Indian pictorial scenes.
OI-032 Rectangular world map1579 · Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, IsIAO collection, uncatalogued…Majorcan marine charts are assembled with al-Idrisi’s Arabic geographical tradition.
AM-019 Paper transcript of the Catawba diplomatic map, British Library witnessc.1719–1720 in BL catalogue; c.1721 in… · British Library, Western Manuscripts, London, Add MS 4723An Indigenous diplomatic map presented to Governor Nicholson was copied onto paper with English explanations. It records political and trading relations in a graphic form read by colonial officials. Catawba authorship is…
EA-014 Imperii Sinarum nova descriptio, opening map of Novus atlas Sinensis1655 · Library of Congress, G2305.M3 1655; item 2002625249, opening mapChinese geographic sources are selected and labeled in Latin within a European engraved map.
OI-033 World map, Mediterranean–Asian composite1600–1601 (AH 1009) · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE C-5089 (RES)Mediterranean portolan geography and Arabic world geography are combined in a distinct family map.
AM-024 Map of Teozacoalco1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXV-03, Teozacoalco map sheetA Mixtec territorial-genealogical map answers the Spanish crown’s geographical questionnaire, combining local signs and history with Spanish inscriptions and Christian settlement signs.
EA-017 Carte générale du Thibet, Scheurleer edition1733 design; 1737 printing · National Museum of Taiwan History, 2003.014.0089.0032A Qing-derived Tibetan map transmitted by Régis is reduced and relabeled for French publication.
OI-034 Circular world map in the 1551 atlas1551 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 2278, f. 3rPortolan features are combined with Arabic circular-world geography.
AM-025 Map of Cholula1581 · Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin,…Local Nahua spatial and political information was recast in a map responding to the Spanish geographical inquiry.
EA-020 Bankoku sōkaizu, 1708 edition1708 · University of British Columbia, Rare Books and Special Collections;…The Ricci-derived Bankoku sōzu world layout is recut with Japanese labels and imagery.
OI-036 Hamatarats Ashkharhatsuyts: Armenian world map1695 · National Library of Armenia, digitised map record 123456789/14241Armenian and Dutch collaborators co-produced a world map with Armenian names and European visual conventions.
AM-026 Map of Cempoala (Hidalgo)1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXV-10An Indigenous response to a Spanish questionnaire combines place-name glyphs and alphabetic names, and adapts imported paper and European church imagery.
EA-021 Chōsen koku zenzu, map of Korea in Sangoku tsūran zusetsu1785 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Japonais 316, folded Korea mapHayashi’s preface names a map transmitted through the interpreter for Korea (朝鮮大象胥) among the sources for his map of Korea.
OI-037 Eretz ha-Kedoshah: Holy Land map in the Amsterdam Haggadah1695 · Jüdisches Museum Berlin, GDR90/505/8Christian biblical cartography is translated and reframed within a Hebrew Passover book.
AM-027 Codex Quetzalecatzin1593 · Library of Congress, item 2017590521The de León family’s territorial genealogy combines Nahuatl graphic place names with Latin alphabetic naming and Christian status markers.
EA-028 Kunyu wanguo quantu byōbu, Kobe Nanba screen17th century · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Matsutarō Collection; 167.5 × 379.1 cmA Japanese manuscript copy adds shoal markings, the Gold and Silver Islands, and the name Dongning for Taiwan.
OI-039 North Pole map in the 1729 Cihannüma manuscript1729 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Supplément turc 215, f. 60rEuropean polar geography is redrawn and selectively relabelled in an Ottoman manuscript.
AM-032 Map of Texupa1579 · Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, C-028-010, registro 01139;…An Indigenous regional map answers the royal inquiry while placing glyphic settlements within a rectilinear colonial spatial order.
EA-029 Gonyeo manguk jeondo, Seoul National University Museum painted copy1708 · Seoul National University MuseumThe Korean court reproduced a Ming-painted Ricci world map as a large painted artifact for its own political and scholarly setting.
AM-033 Map of MacuilxóchitlApril 1580 · Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, C-028-007; RAH20110000387A map made for the royal inquiry sets a cross on an Indigenous hill/place glyph and uses alphabetic Nahuatl to recount local Zapotec history.
EA-030 Bankoku sōzu, 1671 printed map1671 · Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod.jap. 4, map openingChinese Ricci-derived continental outlines are recast in a Japanese map with Japanese labels and a peoples panel.
AM-034 Miguel’s map of the southern Plains, contemporary transcript for Juan de Oñate11 May 1602, after drawing of 22 April… · Archivo General de Indias, MP-MEXICO,50An Indigenous captive’s geographical drawing, elicited during Oñate’s questioning, was copied and annotated for Spanish officials.
EA-031 Nansenbushū bankoku shōka no zu, Kobe print1710 · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 118.1 × 145.2 cmEurope and South America are inserted into the Buddhist Jambudvīpa world picture.
AM-037 Cours des rivières ... suivant la carte faite par le sauvage Ochagac et autresAfter 1722 in BnF catalogue; encounter… · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE DD-2987 (8696 B)French manuscript explicitly reduces Ochagac and other Indigenous cartographers’ information to a common scale. LOC’s institutional description identifies a consequential interpretation of Ochagac’s tidal-water report as evidence…
EA-032 Chikyū zenzu, Waseda two-sheet map1792 · Waseda University Library, ル11 00809 (Ru11 00809)A Dutch-issued European hemisphere map is redrawn and labeled in Japanese.
AM-038 A Map Describing the Situation of the several Nations of Indians between South Carolina and…c.1723; TNA record dates the surviving… · The National Archives, Kew, CO 700/NorthAmericanColoniesGeneral 6/2A Chickasaw diplomatic map on deerskin was presented to Governor Francis Nicholson and copied with English explanations for colonial authorities.
EA-035 Dai Min kyūhen bankoku jinseki rotei enzu 大明九邊分野人跡路程全圖, MacLean MC 26634c. 1705; publication bracket 1699–1706 · MacLean Collection, MC 26634; 121 × 121.5 cmThe Japanese edition changes the universal title to Great Ming, adds a Kyoto imprint and recasts the Chinese wall map as a folding map.
AM-042 Copy of a sketch of the Monongahela, with the field of battlec.1755 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3824.P6S26 1755…An Indigenous scout’s account of the battlefield was copied for British use. The sheet’s wording was changed from authorship by an Indian to drawing under an Indian’s direction, making mediation unusually visible.
EA-036 Kunyu quantu 坤輿全圖, Ghent BIB.IZN.000011c. 1639–1645; Ghent print commonly… · Ghent University Library, BIB.IZN.000011; older identifiers Krt. 928…European outlines and a spherical-earth explanation are rendered in Chinese.
AM-043 Sketch of the River St Lawrence from Lake Ontario to Montreal by an Onondaga Indian1759 · British Library, Add MS 57707.1 (R.U.S.I. Vol. LXXII)Red Head supplied a sketch and geographical description for British campaigning; Guy Johnson redrew the material, retaining Indigenous place names and routes.
EA-037 Yudi shanhai quantu 輿地山海全圖 in Tushubian 圖書編, 1613 Harvard copy1613 · Harvard-Yenching Library, Tushubian, juan 29, fols. 33b–34a; copy…The printed Chinese map omits the names Europe and Western Ocean while retaining the other continental names.
AM-044 Map of land north of Churchill River by Captain Meatonabee and Idotlyazee1767–1768 (Dene original returned in… · Archives of Manitoba, Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, G.2/27; image…Norton requested geographical information from the two Dene leaders, then copied their deerskin map onto paper with explanatory annotations.
EA-038 Shanhai yudi quantu / Wudazhou quantu, paired hemispheres in Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略1612 or shortly thereafter · National Archives of Japan, Fangyu shenglüe, waiyi section, first…Ricci-derived geography and copied Chinese prefaces are reorganized into two hemispheres in the book’s account of foreign peoples.
AM-048 Humboldt Fragment VI: plan of palace lands in Texcoco litigationc. 1546 · Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Manuscripta americana 1, Bl. 4, Fragment 6A property diagram copied from the Oztoticpac map retains Indigenous measurements and adds Spanish jurisdictional wording within a pictorial representation of a colonial hearing.
EA-039 Sansen yochi zenzu 山川輿地全図 in Morokoshi kinmō zui 唐土訓蒙図彙1719 · National Archives of Japan, Morokoshi kinmō zui, juan 2, fols. 2a–3a;…Japanese recutting changes the Chinese source’s landforms and labels while preserving the paired hemispheres.
AM-049 Lienzo de Quauhquechollan1530s · Museo Regional de Cholula, Puebla; formerly Museo Casa de AlfeñiqueA Nahua road-and-conquest map adapts the Habsburg eagle within its place-sign system to represent the Quauhquecholteca–Spanish alliance.
EA-040 Sekai bankoku chikyūzu 世界萬國地球圖, Meiji AS04/130//H1708 · Meiji University Library, Ashida Collection AS04/130//H; BB00474558;…The Japanese print uses European-derived polar hemispheres and Japanese labels; its inscription names Kentei’s figures as the source.
AM-050 Pintura of Amoltepec, Relación geográfica1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin, JGI…A requested royal map preserves the circular boundary arrangement and local place glyph, while incorporating a Catholic church as a central settlement sign.
EA-041 Yochizu 輿地図, Kobe Nanba copy1720 · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 90.9 × 154.1 cm (catalogue)Katakana place names and revised Southeast Asia localize the Ricci-derived world map; Gold and Silver Islands are added east of Japan.
AM-051 Map of Zolipa, Misantla, Veracruz1573 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1535;…An Indigenous territorial painting was annotated in Spanish by the corregidor to authenticate a proposed land grant.
EA-042 Chikyū bankoku sankai yochi zenzusetsu 地球萬國山海輿地全図説, LOC gm71005079late 1780s; LOC dates [1785?], Unno c.… · Library of Congress, G3200 1785 .N31; gm71005079The Japanese map retains translated world geography and revises northern Japan and recently known place names.
AM-052 Map of Tezontepec and Acatitlan, Hidalgo1571 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1240;…An Otomí community’s pictorial claim was presented through an identified interpreter and authenticated with alphabetic glosses and officials’ signatures.
EA-043 Keiten gatchi Dai Shin kōyozu 經天合地大清廣輿圖, NDL 特7-6561785 · National Diet Library, 特7-656; bibliographic ID 000007548061; digital…The Japanese compiler remodels a Chinese map and updates its provincial information from a Qing gazetteer.
EA-044 Kō Min yochi no zu 皇明輿地之図, Rinsendō print WC-2/27c. 1659 in scholarship; catalogue… · Yokohama City University Library, WC-2/27; one woodblock map, 124 ×…A Japanese woodblock edition reproduces the 1631 Chinese map with a Kyoto publishing imprint.
EA-045 Nansenbushūzu 南瞻部洲図, Kobe Nanba manuscript1704–1711 (Hōei era, museum attribution) · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 150.8 × 155.5 cm; one manuscript…European countries, including Holland, are placed within the Buddhist continent of Jambudvīpa.
EA-046 Chikyū zenzu 地球全図, world-map appendix to Hokusa bunryaku 北槎聞略1794 · National Archives of Japan, original Hokusa bunryaku submitted in…A Russian world-map model is copied and annotated in Japanese for the 1794 account.
EA-048 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiu shi fangyu gujin tu, MacLean 297731800; signed and dated August 1800 · MacLean Collection, 29773; image 60 × 93 cm, scroll 211 × 105 cmThe signed 1800 map abridges Zhuang’s earlier Chinese adaptation of European hemisphere cartography and retains voyage-route markings.
EA-049 Cheonhayeojido 天下輿地圖, 1747 woodblock map at Soongsil1747 · Korean Christian Museum, Soongsil University; 1747 woodblock map…Distinct regions combine Ming and Qing sources with Joseon maps; Manchurian information and Korean administrative geography are selectively updated.
EA-050 Ichnographia urbis Jedo, plate XXX in The History of Japan1727 · Wolfgang Michel Collection, Fukuoka; photographed copy of The History…Ishikawa Ryūsen’s 1689 Japanese city plan is reduced into a European engraved plate with a Latin title and romanized labels.
EA-051 Map on oil paper of the Kingdom of Korea given to the Jesuits by the Chineselate 1720s–early 1730s, before… · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et Plans, Ge DD 2987…The Paris copy carries a key to Manchu place names and transliterated toponyms from material sent from Beijing.
EA-052 World-map screen of Shitozu / Sekaizu byōbu 四都図・世界図屏風early seventeenth century · Kobe City Museum, Ikenaga Collection; important-cultural-property…The Japanese screen adapts a European wall-map design and alters the depiction of Korea and the northern coastline.
EA-053 Bankoku ezu byōbu 萬国絵図屏風, world-map left screen SZK002967seventeenth century · Museum of the Imperial Collections, Sannomaru Shōzōkan, SZK002967;…The screen adds eclipse diagrams absent from its presumed Dutch model; their distinctive features connect them to Japanese Jesuit cosmology texts.

Cihannüma and Hondius: Map orientation

V-ADP is a question; V-ND records the unresolved operation

Hondius: West at the top.
Cihannüma: North at the top.

The visible rotation invites a test of adaptation. Its timing, purpose and relation to a receiving convention are unresolved. Rotation alone does not establish adaptation.

The orientation contrast is observable; its historical explanation remains uncertain.

Hondius observation checked by Florin-Stefan Morar, 10 October 2026. Review record.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`ASM` Assemblage

Applies to: L-ASM inscriptions · V-ASM graphic elements

Elements from two or more identified source contexts are brought into one inscription, graphic unit or composition.

Use when: Define the composite unit and link each contributing element to a source or explicitly delimited source tradition.
Do not infer: Complexity, mixed appearance or several languages alone do not establish assemblage. Do not invent direct ancestors for contextual parallels.
Evidence needed: At least two supported contributions with their locators; separate grades for each link.
Related codes: Component records may carry RET, TRL, TRA, SUB or ADP. Preserve the parent-child link so the composite is not counted as an extra independent feature.

Codebook example. Decision example: a map combining a traceable coastal outline with a separately sourced inland network may receive V-ASM at composition level; each component keeps its own source link and grade.

In the census (35 maps)

AF-007 Il disegno della geografia moderna de tutta la parte dell’Africa1564 · American Geographical Society Library, University of…Al-Hasan al-Wazzan’s African geography enters an Italian map.
AM-001 El Gran Rio Marañón o Amazonas1707 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE D-7855Indigenous geographical reports supplied parts of the river system outside Fritz’s own journeys; these were incorporated in his manuscript and engraved map.
EA-004 Kunyu quantu, Library of Congress print1674 · Library of Congress, gm71002352Chinese text and translated place names accompany European double-hemisphere geography.
SA-024 Hindoostan, 1782 edition1782 · Library of Congress, G7625 1782 .R4Persian geographical names and itineraries entered this English map through translation and compilation.
OI-001 World map, surviving Atlantic fragment1513 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1633 mükerrerPortuguese and Columbus-derived charts translated into an Ottoman world chart.
AF-008 Habessinia seu Abassia, map dated 16831683–c.1690 (map dated 1683) · Universitätsbibliothek Basel, Kartenslg. Mappe 252:62Abba Gorgoryos’s Ethiopian geographical knowledge translated into a Latin map.

Show all 35 maps

AM-009 Carte du cours du Maragnon1745 publication; survey 1743–1744 (BnF… · BnF, GE DD-2987 (9542)Reworks Fritz’s earlier map, which incorporated Indigenous geographical reports. This is a mediated transfer through a documented predecessor, not proof of a new direct collaboration.
EA-005 Jiangxi yu tu, in Huangyu quanlan fensheng tu1721–1722 (catalogue dating) · Library of Congress, G2306.F7 H8 1722; item 2002626779, Jiangxi sheetChinese provincial geography is plotted on the survey’s graticule, with Beijing as prime meridian.
SA-027 A Description of East India Conteyning th’Empire of the Great Mogoll1619 · British Library, Maps K.Top.115.22Mughal geography and dynastic names were rendered in an English map, including an adapted imperial seal.
OI-032 Rectangular world map1579 · Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, IsIAO collection, uncatalogued…Majorcan marine charts are assembled with al-Idrisi’s Arabic geographical tradition.
AF-010 Sketch map of Western Europe and Africac. 1733–1734 · British Library, Add MS 32556, f. 239vA Senegambian Muslim scholar and an English interlocutor co-produced an Arabic–English geographical account.
AM-020 Virginia, first state, 16121612, first state · Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, MS. Ashmole 1758, fols.…Smith explicitly marks the boundary between his observations and geographical information obtained from Indigenous people. His 1612 text states that geography beyond the map’s crosses was set down according to their instructions.
EA-006 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiushi fangyu gujin tu1794 · Library of Congress, gm71005053British double-hemisphere geography is reorganized around Chinese textual and geographic concerns.
OI-033 World map, Mediterranean–Asian composite1600–1601 (AH 1009) · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE C-5089 (RES)Mediterranean portolan geography and Arabic world geography are combined in a distinct family map.
AF-011 Prima Tavola: Africa, woodcut edition1554 · Afriterra, map 648 (catalogue record ID 4823)African geographical descriptions are selected and converted into an Italian printed map.
AM-031 Map of Culhuacán1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXIII-14A local map accompanying the geographical relation translates Indigenous territorial knowledge into the crown’s requested visual report.
EA-014 Imperii Sinarum nova descriptio, opening map of Novus atlas Sinensis1655 · Library of Congress, G2305.M3 1655; item 2002625249, opening mapChinese geographic sources are selected and labeled in Latin within a European engraved map.
OI-034 Circular world map in the 1551 atlas1551 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 2278, f. 3rPortolan features are combined with Arabic circular-world geography.
AM-041 Map of the country about the Mississippic.1755 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3300 1755 .C5; LCCN…The manuscript attributes its geography to Chegeree’s travels and is mounted with questions and information about the map. Its English documentation records an Indigenous account being elicited for British military use.
EA-016 Carte générale de la Chine, Scheurleer edition1730 design; 1737 printing · David Rumsey Map Collection, 13322.011Qing map data and translated geographic reports are assembled and relabeled for a French-language map.
OI-038 Iberian Peninsula and western Maghreb chart in the 1571 atlasWork dated 1571; surviving manuscript… · Bodleian Library, MS. Marsh 294, f. 7r (digital label 7a)Catalan coastal names are transcribed in Arabic script alongside retained Arabic names for Iberian places.
AM-045 [Comanche diagram of the Battle of Sierra Blanca, 1787]1787; Spanish certification dated 30… · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G4322.S395 1787 .C6;…The Indigenous battle diagram and Spanish key survive together. Translating its pictorial signs into alphabetic explanations made the account legible within Spanish colonial reporting.
EA-018 Carte la plus générale qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise et le Thibet, Scheurleer…1734 design; 1737 printing · David Rumsey Map Collection, 13322.010Qing map data and translated geographic reports are assembled and relabeled for a French-language map.
AM-046 [La Nouvelle France] faict par le Sr de Champlain1616 (unfinished engraved map/proof) · John Carter Brown Library, [La Nouvelle France], digital object…The western Great Lakes on this map incorporate an Ottawa chief’s charcoal drawing on bark, given to Champlain in exchange for a hatchet. Its treatment of James Bay combines European and Indigenous accounts.
EA-026 Honil gangni yeokdae gukdo jido, Honkōji witnessSixteenth-century revised witness;… · Honkōji Temple, Shimabara, Nagasaki PrefectureThe map retains Euro-African names traced to Islamic geography within a revised Korean-Chinese world-map design.
AM-049 Lienzo de Quauhquechollan1530s · Museo Regional de Cholula, Puebla; formerly Museo Casa de AlfeñiqueA Nahua road-and-conquest map adapts the Habsburg eagle within its place-sign system to represent the Quauhquecholteca–Spanish alliance.
SA-009 Imperium Japonicum in sexaginta et octo provincias divisum1727 · Zentralbibliothek Zürich, 4 Nh 04: 1, tab. VIIIJapanese printed maps were reworked with Kaempfer’s materials into a Latin map of Japan.
EA-030 Bankoku sōzu, 1671 printed map1671 · Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod.jap. 4, map openingChinese Ricci-derived continental outlines are recast in a Japanese map with Japanese labels and a peoples panel.
EA-031 Nansenbushū bankoku shōka no zu, Kobe print1710 · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 118.1 × 145.2 cmEurope and South America are inserted into the Buddhist Jambudvīpa world picture.
EA-033 Tianxia jiubian fenye renji lucheng quantu 天下九邊分野人跡路程全圖, British Library print1644 · British Library, London; identified 1644 print reproduced by Cams,…Assemblage joins a Chinese administrative map to continents and names taken from Aleni and Yang’s Chinese world map.
EA-043 Keiten gatchi Dai Shin kōyozu 經天合地大清廣輿圖, NDL 特7-6561785 · National Diet Library, 特7-656; bibliographic ID 000007548061; digital…The Japanese compiler remodels a Chinese map and updates its provincial information from a Qing gazetteer.
EA-045 Nansenbushūzu 南瞻部洲図, Kobe Nanba manuscript1704–1711 (Hōei era, museum attribution) · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 150.8 × 155.5 cm; one manuscript…European countries, including Holland, are placed within the Buddhist continent of Jambudvīpa.
EA-047 Oranda shin’yaku chikyū zenzu 喎蘭新訳地球全図, Tokushima 世141796 · Tokushima University Library, 世14; 553 × 921 mmThe map presents a new Japanese translation of a Dutch world map and assembles additional Chinese and Japanese explanations.
EA-049 Cheonhayeojido 天下輿地圖, 1747 woodblock map at Soongsil1747 · Korean Christian Museum, Soongsil University; 1747 woodblock map…Distinct regions combine Ming and Qing sources with Joseon maps; Manchurian information and Korean administrative geography are selectively updated.
EA-053 Bankoku ezu byōbu 萬国絵図屏風, world-map left screen SZK002967seventeenth century · Museum of the Imperial Collections, Sannomaru Shōzōkan, SZK002967;…The screen adds eclipse diagrams absent from its presumed Dutch model; their distinctive features connect them to Japanese Jesuit cosmology texts.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The map as a composite

Not assigned in this pair

Hondius: The Atlas minor outline and any separately identified source of labels.
Cihannüma: The combined outline and label set in the Ottoman print.

Assemblage would require evidence that distinct sources were combined. A resemblance in outline and differences in labels do not yet identify those contributions.

Each proposed source and the act of combination require verification.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`INV` Innovation

Applies to: L-INV inscriptions · V-INV graphic elements

An element is introduced relative to a specified source set, with no counterpart in that bounded set.

Use when: Name the source set examined, the addition and the search boundary. Explain why adaptation or substitution is insufficient.
Do not infer: This code does not mean first invention in world history. An unidentified source or unreadable source area cannot establish innovation.
Evidence needed: A defined, inspected source set; target locator; coverage sufficient to support the absence of a counterpart.
Related codes: ASM may describe the enclosing composition. Do not code the same change as both INV and ADP without distinguishing dimensions.

Codebook example. Decision example: a newly introduced legend may receive L-INV only relative to an identified, sufficiently examined source set. An unidentified immediate exemplar cannot support an unrestricted novelty claim.

In the census (3 maps)

EA-028 Kunyu wanguo quantu byōbu, Kobe Nanba screen17th century · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Matsutarō Collection; 167.5 × 379.1 cmA Japanese manuscript copy adds shoal markings, the Gold and Silver Islands, and the name Dongning for Taiwan.
OI-023 Khuzistan map in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; Khuzistan sheet reproduced…Replaces atlas geography with Arabic-Persian regional knowledge.
OI-035 Italy and central Mediterranean chart in Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 3b–4aItalian chart geography is relabelled and locally supplemented for Ottoman use.

Cihannüma and Hondius: A candidate new feature

Not assigned in this pair

Hondius: The relevant source maps and intermediate witnesses.
Cihannüma: A feature not accounted for by those sources.

A feature absent from the 1607 comparison map could come from another source. Innovation cannot be assigned until that alternative has been examined.

No verified innovation is claimed for this illustration.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`OMI` Omission

Applies to: L-OMI inscriptions · V-OMI graphic elements

An element present in an identified source is absent from the corresponding, assessable part of the target.

Use when: Locate the source feature and the target area where it would be expected. Check cropping, damage, scale and selection of the surviving image.
Do not infer: A blank, damaged or unphotographed area does not establish omission. OMI does not by itself establish censorship, refusal or intent.
Evidence needed: An identified source relationship and sufficient target coverage; an explicit account of relevant material loss.
Related codes: A power assignment such as P-SEL needs separate evidence for an actor and decision. Avoid double counting a replacement already coded SUB.

Codebook example. Decision example: a source legend missing from an intact corresponding target panel can receive OMI; a missing photograph of that panel cannot.

In the census (6 maps)

EA-001 Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print1602 · James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota; LOC digital…European geography is rendered in Chinese. The Bell Library print specifically changes the Portugal label and deletes explanatory text from the woodblocks (Morar, fig. 1.1a).
OI-019 Old World hemisphere in Nusrat al-islamc. 1685 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, B.325; Old World hemisphere reproduced…Blaeu hemisphere geography is redrawn with Ottoman labels and selective omissions.
EA-037 Yudi shanhai quantu 輿地山海全圖 in Tushubian 圖書編, 1613 Harvard copy1613 · Harvard-Yenching Library, Tushubian, juan 29, fols. 33b–34a; copy…The printed Chinese map omits the names Europe and Western Ocean while retaining the other continental names.
OI-022 Persicum Regnum, Ottoman translation1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998; Persicum Regnum…Latin names transliterated into Ottoman script.
OI-030 Carte de la Mer Noire, French translation of Müteferrika1768 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE SH 18 PF 99 P 3Ottoman nautical knowledge translated into a French manuscript chart.
OI-039 North Pole map in the 1729 Cihannüma manuscript1729 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Supplément turc 215, f. 60rEuropean polar geography is redrawn and selectively relabelled in an Ottoman manuscript.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The Great Wall explanation

L-OMI · candidate for investigation

Hondius: A Latin inscription identifies the northern band as a wall.
Cihannüma: No corresponding explanation has been identified in the preliminary reading of the Ottoman print.

This bounded observation could support omission after the source relationship and the complete target text have been checked. It does not establish deliberate suppression.

Uncertain; absence from a first reading is not yet an accepted omission.

Hondius observation checked by Florin-Stefan Morar, 10 October 2026. Review record.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`ND` Not determinable

Applies to: L-ND inscriptions · V-ND graphic elements

The evidence has been examined but cannot support a stable operation assignment for this unit.

Use when: State the question examined, the evidence consulted, the unresolved alternatives and what would resolve them.
Do not infer: ND does not mean no translation. Use not_assessed for work not yet undertaken, and proposed for a candidate awaiting review.
Evidence needed: An assessment record describing the examined evidence and the reason determination failed.
Related codes: Do not attach ND and a settled operation to the same question. Different features or separately defined dimensions can have different statuses.

Codebook example. Decision example: an examined inscription whose operation cannot be resolved after source checking may receive L-ND. This differs from a material or power relationship that has not yet been assessed.

In the census (0 maps)

Not used to admit maps to the census: an unresolved operation cannot qualify a map. ND is recorded during detailed coding.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The north label and the northern band’s meaning

L-ND / V-ND · unresolved

Hondius: Septentrio means north; a Latin label identifies the northern band as a wall.
Cihannüma: Şimal also means north; the corresponding peaked band lacks an identified explanation.

Equivalent directional meanings do not establish that one word translated the other. Shared peaked forms do not establish whether Ottoman readers saw a wall or mountains. Observation and interpretation receive separate assessments.

Uncertain; the illustration preserves the questions instead of treating them as findings.

Hondius observation checked by Florin-Stefan Morar, 10 October 2026. Review record.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`M-REP` Reproduction

Material tier: a link between two states or uses of map objects

A new physical witness reproduces a mapped representation.

Use when: Identify the two witnesses and evidence of copying, printing or another reproductive process.
Do not infer: Similarity alone does not establish direct copying. A digital photograph is a documentation object, not automatically another historical map.
Evidence needed: Source and result witness IDs, locators, dates or ranges, production evidence and link status.
Related codes: Localization or transformation may be recorded for a distinct aspect, with an explanation.

Codebook example. Decision example: a manuscript map engraved for print may receive M-REP only when the drawing used and the printed state are identified. Similarity of outline alone does not establish copying.

Family links of this type in the census (1)

AM-048 Humboldt Fragment VI: plan of palace lands in Texcoco litigationc. 1546 · Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Manuscripta americana 1, Bl. 4, Fragment 6Linked to Oztoticpac Lands Map. Source explicitly calls the diagram an exact copy; this is not a claim that the entire manuscript is a copy.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The production relationship between map objects

M-REP · candidate

Source to establish: A proposed intermediate drawing or printed exemplar.
Cihannüma: The 1732 engraved map.

A new impression can reproduce an earlier design, but this pair does not identify the immediate source object. The link stays a candidate until that production relationship is supported.

Uncertain; not an accepted material link.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`M-LOC` Localization

Material tier: a link between two states or uses of map objects

A map is given a new material setting or use through translation, annotation, layout, binding or related changes.

Use when: Specify the change, its audience or setting where evidenced, and the earlier state used.
Do not infer: A modern collection location or a different language alone does not establish a historical act of localization.
Evidence needed: Witness records and evidence for the changed setting or use; keep presumed purpose separate from documented reception.
Related codes: Reproduction may describe manufacture of the new witness; linguistic and visual assignments describe its features.

Codebook example. Decision example: an identified map rebound and annotated for a documented new use can carry M-LOC for that episode.

Family links of this type in the census (4)

EA-028 Kunyu wanguo quantu byōbu, Kobe Nanba screen17th century · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Matsutarō Collection; 167.5 × 379.1 cmLinked to Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print. Japanese painted adaptation of the 1602 Ricci–Li edition, with added regional features; no claim that the Bell sheet was the physical source.
EA-030 Bankoku sōzu, 1671 printed map1671 · Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod.jap. 4, map openingLinked to Shanhai yudi quantu / Wudazhou quantu, paired hemispheres in Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略. Japanese Bankoku sōzu edition derives its continental configurations from the 1612 Fangyu shenglüe map.
EA-035 Dai Min kyūhen bankoku jinseki rotei enzu 大明九邊分野人跡路程全圖, MacLean MC 26634c. 1705; publication bracket 1699–1706 · MacLean Collection, MC 26634; 121 × 121.5 cmLinked to Tianxia jiubian wanguo renji lucheng quantu 天下九邊萬國人跡路程全圖, Harvard T_3080_4643. Japanese edition reproduces Wang’s Chinese print, changes the title and adds publisher information. Contextual record; excluded from the…
EA-039 Sansen yochi zenzu 山川輿地全図 in Morokoshi kinmō zui 唐土訓蒙図彙1719 · National Archives of Japan, Morokoshi kinmō zui, juan 2, fols. 2a–3a;…Linked to Shanhai yudi quantu / Wudazhou quantu, paired hemispheres in Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略. Chinese Fangyu shenglüe map adapted for a Japanese illustrated encyclopedia.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The map’s use in an Ottoman publication

Not assigned in this pair

Hondius: The Latin Atlas minor setting.
Cihannüma: The Cihannüma publication setting.

Localization requires a documented change that fits a new readership or use. A different publication setting alone is insufficient to assign the material relationship.

Paratexts, production history and use evidence would support the assessment.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

`M-TRF` Transformation

Material tier: a link between two states or uses of map objects

The map changes format, medium or organization in a way that changes how it can function.

Use when: Describe the before-and-after forms and the specific functional consequence supported by evidence.
Do not infer: Do not infer a changed function merely from a new owner or minor physical variation.
Evidence needed: Source/result descriptions, material inspection or catalogue evidence, and a separately supported account of function.
Related codes: Use alongside M-REP or M-LOC only when each names a distinct, evidenced aspect of the transition.

Codebook example. Decision example: transfer from a bound sequence to a wall display requires evidence for both the new physical format and the proposed use.

Family links of this type in the census (6)

EA-006 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiushi fangyu gujin tu1794 · Library of Congress, gm71005053Linked to Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiu shi fangyu gujin tu, MacLean 29773. The 1800 map abridges Zhuang’s 1794 map; the arrow runs from this earlier map to the new record.
EA-033 Tianxia jiubian fenye renji lucheng quantu 天下九邊分野人跡路程全圖, British Library print1644 · British Library, London; identified 1644 print reproduced by Cams,…Linked to Wanguo quantu in Zhifang waiji, National Archives of Japan copy. The documented source is the 1623 Aleni–Yang map edition, not necessarily the surviving NAJ copy.
EA-037 Yudi shanhai quantu 輿地山海全圖 in Tushubian 圖書編, 1613 Harvard copy1613 · Harvard-Yenching Library, Tushubian, juan 29, fols. 33b–34a; copy…Linked to Shanhai yudi quantu. Morar identifies a reproduction of the early Ricci map; the lost prototype is not counted. Contextual record; excluded from the active map count.
EA-038 Shanhai yudi quantu / Wudazhou quantu, paired hemispheres in Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略1612 or shortly thereafter · National Archives of Japan, Fangyu shenglüe, waiyi section, first…Linked to Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print. Relationship is to the Ricci–Li map edition and its texts, not to the Bell Library sheet specifically.
EA-042 Chikyū bankoku sankai yochi zenzusetsu 地球萬國山海輿地全図説, LOC gm71005079late 1780s; LOC dates [1785?], Unno c.… · Library of Congress, G3200 1785 .N31; gm71005079Linked to Yochizu 輿地図, Kobe Nanba copy. Unno identifies Harame’s map as the evident model; no specific surviving sheet is claimed.
EA-048 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiu shi fangyu gujin tu, MacLean 297731800; signed and dated August 1800 · MacLean Collection, 29773; image 60 × 93 cm, scroll 211 × 105 cmLinked to Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiushi fangyu gujin tu. Pegg treats the 1800 map as an abridged version of Zhuang’s 1794 map.

Cihannüma and Hondius: Material form and function

Not assigned in this pair

Hondius: A printed atlas map.
Cihannüma: A printed map in another geographical work.

Different dates, languages or printing plates do not establish a change of material form or function. No such transformation is claimed here.

Evidence of a changed form or use would be required.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

Documented

Evidence grade: attached to each claim, not to a whole map

An identifiable source explicitly supports the particular relation or action.

Census records admitted at this grade (73)

AF-008 Habessinia seu Abassia, map dated 16831683–c.1690 (map dated 1683) · Universitätsbibliothek Basel, Kartenslg. Mappe 252:62Abba Gorgoryos’s Ethiopian geographical knowledge translated into a Latin map.
AM-015 Map of Tenochtitlan, Codex Mendoza, fol. 2rc. 1542 · Bodleian Libraries, MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, fol. 2rIndigenous pictorial knowledge was explained orally in Nahuatl, interpreted into Spanish, and written beside the images for a European readership.
EA-001 Kunyu wanguo quantu, James Ford Bell Library print1602 · James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota; LOC digital…European geography is rendered in Chinese. The Bell Library print specifically changes the Portugal label and deletes explanatory text from the woodblocks (Morar, fig. 1.1a).
SA-022 Tupaia’s map, surviving fair copy1770, after work in 1769 · British Library, Add MS 21593.CPolynesian island and sailing knowledge was translated into a chart during work with Cook’s officers.
SA-007 Banda, Insulae Typus1601 · Nationaal Archief, 1.01.02, inv. 12551.21A contemporary letter identifies Javanese drawings behind Erédia’s Portuguese map of Banda.
OI-001 World map, surviving Atlantic fragment1513 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1633 mükerrerPortuguese and Columbus-derived charts translated into an Ottoman world chart.

Show all 73 maps

AF-010 Sketch map of Western Europe and Africac. 1733–1734 · British Library, Add MS 32556, f. 239vA Senegambian Muslim scholar and an English interlocutor co-produced an Arabic–English geographical account.
AM-019 Paper transcript of the Catawba diplomatic map, British Library witnessc.1719–1720 in BL catalogue; c.1721 in… · British Library, Western Manuscripts, London, Add MS 4723An Indigenous diplomatic map presented to Governor Nicholson was copied onto paper with English explanations. It records political and trading relations in a graphic form read by colonial officials. Catawba authorship is…
EA-003 Wanguo quantu in Zhifang waiji, National Archives of Japan copy1623 · National Archives of Japan; map reproduced as figure 22 by PapelitzkyA European-derived world map is rendered in Chinese within Aleni and Yang Tingyun’s geography.
PA-001 Chart of New Zealand drawn by Tuki, annotated by King1793 · The National Archives, Kew, MPG 1/532/5Tuki’s Māori geography was transferred to paper and accompanied by King’s English renderings of names and explanations.
SA-019 Selden map of China, with Latin annotationsc. 1620; annotated 1687 · Bodleian Library, MS. Selden supra 105Shen Fuzong and Thomas Hyde added Latin renderings of Chinese names to this map in 1687.
OI-012 Central Mediterranean chart, al-Sharafi atlas1551 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 2278, f. 6vMediterranean portolan information transliterated into Arabic.
AF-011 Prima Tavola: Africa, woodcut edition1554 · Afriterra, map 648 (catalogue record ID 4823)African geographical descriptions are selected and converted into an Italian printed map.
AM-020 Virginia, first state, 16121612, first state · Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, MS. Ashmole 1758, fols.…Smith explicitly marks the boundary between his observations and geographical information obtained from Indigenous people. His 1612 text states that geography beyond the map’s crosses was set down according to their instructions.
EA-004 Kunyu quantu, Library of Congress print1674 · Library of Congress, gm71002352Chinese text and translated place names accompany European double-hemisphere geography.
SA-020 Map of the northern Pacific in Shilu1593 · Biblioteca Nacional de España, R/33396, map 31d–eEuropean Pacific geography was rendered in Chinese words and woodblock form for readers in Manila.
OI-017 World map in Levami al-nur1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998, f. 12vMercator-Hondius world geography translated into Ottoman Turkish.
AF-012 Caerte des Lantschaps vande Goutkust in Guinea (Axim to Ningo)c. 1629 · Nationaal Archief, The Hague, 4.VEL 743 (VEL0743)African accounts of territories and trade are translated into named areas, dotted divisions and Dutch map annotations.
AM-024 Map of Teozacoalco1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXV-03, Teozacoalco map sheetA Mixtec territorial-genealogical map answers the Spanish crown’s geographical questionnaire, combining local signs and history with Spanish inscriptions and Christian settlement signs.
EA-009 Liangyi xuanlan tu, Liaoning copy with Manchu annotations1603 print; annotations c. 1625–1636… · Liaoning Provincial Museum, ShenyangThe surviving print carries Manchu cosmological explanations and place names; neighboring countries use established Manchu names while others are transliterated.
SA-024 Hindoostan, 1782 edition1782 · Library of Congress, G7625 1782 .R4Persian geographical names and itineraries entered this English map through translation and compilation.
OI-018 Asia map in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; Asia sheet reproduced in…European atlas geography redrawn for Ottoman geographical writing.
AM-025 Map of Cholula1581 · Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin,…Local Nahua spatial and political information was recast in a map responding to the Spanish geographical inquiry.
EA-014 Imperii Sinarum nova descriptio, opening map of Novus atlas Sinensis1655 · Library of Congress, G2305.M3 1655; item 2002625249, opening mapChinese geographic sources are selected and labeled in Latin within a European engraved map.
SA-026 Map of Awadh (Avad), Gentil atlas, f. 191770 · British Library, Add Or 4039, f. 19Persian geographical and historical information was translated into a French-labelled map with Indian pictorial scenes.
OI-019 Old World hemisphere in Nusrat al-islamc. 1685 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, B.325; Old World hemisphere reproduced…Blaeu hemisphere geography is redrawn with Ottoman labels and selective omissions.
AM-026 Map of Cempoala (Hidalgo)1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXV-10An Indigenous response to a Spanish questionnaire combines place-name glyphs and alphabetic names, and adapts imported paper and European church imagery.
EA-016 Carte générale de la Chine, Scheurleer edition1730 design; 1737 printing · David Rumsey Map Collection, 13322.011Qing map data and translated geographic reports are assembled and relabeled for a French-language map.
SA-027 A Description of East India Conteyning th’Empire of the Great Mogoll1619 · British Library, Maps K.Top.115.22Mughal geography and dynastic names were rendered in an English map, including an adapted imperial seal.
OI-022 Persicum Regnum, Ottoman translation1654–1655 · Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Nuruosmaniye 2998; Persicum Regnum…Latin names transliterated into Ottoman script.
AM-031 Map of Culhuacán1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, JGI XXIII-14A local map accompanying the geographical relation translates Indigenous territorial knowledge into the crown’s requested visual report.
EA-017 Carte générale du Thibet, Scheurleer edition1733 design; 1737 printing · National Museum of Taiwan History, 2003.014.0089.0032A Qing-derived Tibetan map transmitted by Régis is reduced and relabeled for French publication.
OI-023 Khuzistan map in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; Khuzistan sheet reproduced…Replaces atlas geography with Arabic-Persian regional knowledge.
AM-034 Miguel’s map of the southern Plains, contemporary transcript for Juan de Oñate11 May 1602, after drawing of 22 April… · Archivo General de Indias, MP-MEXICO,50An Indigenous captive’s geographical drawing, elicited during Oñate’s questioning, was copied and annotated for Spanish officials.
EA-018 Carte la plus générale qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise et le Thibet, Scheurleer…1734 design; 1737 printing · David Rumsey Map Collection, 13322.010Qing map data and translated geographic reports are assembled and relabeled for a French-language map.
OI-026 Hemispheres in Cihannüma II autographc. 1654–1657 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Revan 1624; hemisphere map reproduced…European hemisphere representation redrawn in Ottoman manuscript.
AM-037 Cours des rivières ... suivant la carte faite par le sauvage Ochagac et autresAfter 1722 in BnF catalogue; encounter… · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE DD-2987 (8696 B)French manuscript explicitly reduces Ochagac and other Indigenous cartographers’ information to a common scale. LOC’s institutional description identifies a consequential interpretation of Ochagac’s tidal-water report as evidence…
EA-021 Chōsen koku zenzu, map of Korea in Sangoku tsūran zusetsu1785 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Japonais 316, folded Korea mapHayashi’s preface names a map transmitted through the interpreter for Korea (朝鮮大象胥) among the sources for his map of Korea.
OI-029 Hajji Ahmed cordiform world map, Budapest impression1795 impression of blocks cut 1559–1560 · Museum of Ethnography, Budapest, map collection, inv. 2784Venetian world geography and explanatory material translated and adapted for Ottoman readers.
AM-038 A Map Describing the Situation of the several Nations of Indians between South Carolina and…c.1723; TNA record dates the surviving… · The National Archives, Kew, CO 700/NorthAmericanColoniesGeneral 6/2A Chickasaw diplomatic map on deerskin was presented to Governor Francis Nicholson and copied with English explanations for colonial authorities.
EA-028 Kunyu wanguo quantu byōbu, Kobe Nanba screen17th century · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Matsutarō Collection; 167.5 × 379.1 cmA Japanese manuscript copy adds shoal markings, the Gold and Silver Islands, and the name Dongning for Taiwan.
OI-030 Carte de la Mer Noire, French translation of Müteferrika1768 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE SH 18 PF 99 P 3Ottoman nautical knowledge translated into a French manuscript chart.
AM-039 Plan et Scituation des Villages Tchikachas1737 · Archives nationales d’outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, FR CAOM…The surviving French transcript preserves an Indigenous village-and-path diagram: circles designate villages, straight lines paths and squares fields. The documentary chain records an Indigenous deerskin map and de Batz’s…
SA-009 Imperium Japonicum in sexaginta et octo provincias divisum1727 · Zentralbibliothek Zürich, 4 Nh 04: 1, tab. VIIIJapanese printed maps were reworked with Kaempfer’s materials into a Latin map of Japan.
OI-031 Harita-i Darül-cihad Sureti: Crimea and the Black Sea1773 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, Emanet Hazinesi 1450A printed European war map was translated into Ottoman Turkish.
AM-040 Nations amies et Ennemies des TchicachasSeptember 1737 · Archives nationales d’outre-mer, Aix-en-Provence, FR CAOM…Mingo Ouma supplied a map of alliances to the Captain of Pakana for peace negotiations; de Batz made a French transcript.
EA-029 Gonyeo manguk jeondo, Seoul National University Museum painted copy1708 · Seoul National University MuseumThe Korean court reproduced a Ming-painted Ricci world map as a large painted artifact for its own political and scholarly setting.
OI-032 Rectangular world map1579 · Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, IsIAO collection, uncatalogued…Majorcan marine charts are assembled with al-Idrisi’s Arabic geographical tradition.
AM-041 Map of the country about the Mississippic.1755 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3300 1755 .C5; LCCN…The manuscript attributes its geography to Chegeree’s travels and is mounted with questions and information about the map. Its English documentation records an Indigenous account being elicited for British military use.
EA-030 Bankoku sōzu, 1671 printed map1671 · Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod.jap. 4, map openingChinese Ricci-derived continental outlines are recast in a Japanese map with Japanese labels and a peoples panel.
OI-033 World map, Mediterranean–Asian composite1600–1601 (AH 1009) · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE C-5089 (RES)Mediterranean portolan geography and Arabic world geography are combined in a distinct family map.
AM-043 Sketch of the River St Lawrence from Lake Ontario to Montreal by an Onondaga Indian1759 · British Library, Add MS 57707.1 (R.U.S.I. Vol. LXXII)Red Head supplied a sketch and geographical description for British campaigning; Guy Johnson redrew the material, retaining Indigenous place names and routes.
EA-031 Nansenbushū bankoku shōka no zu, Kobe print1710 · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 118.1 × 145.2 cmEurope and South America are inserted into the Buddhist Jambudvīpa world picture.
OI-035 Italy and central Mediterranean chart in Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 3b–4aItalian chart geography is relabelled and locally supplemented for Ottoman use.
AM-044 Map of land north of Churchill River by Captain Meatonabee and Idotlyazee1767–1768 (Dene original returned in… · Archives of Manitoba, Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, G.2/27; image…Norton requested geographical information from the two Dene leaders, then copied their deerskin map onto paper with explanatory annotations.
EA-032 Chikyū zenzu, Waseda two-sheet map1792 · Waseda University Library, ル11 00809 (Ru11 00809)A Dutch-issued European hemisphere map is redrawn and labeled in Japanese.
OI-036 Hamatarats Ashkharhatsuyts: Armenian world map1695 · National Library of Armenia, digitised map record 123456789/14241Armenian and Dutch collaborators co-produced a world map with Armenian names and European visual conventions.
AM-045 [Comanche diagram of the Battle of Sierra Blanca, 1787]1787; Spanish certification dated 30… · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G4322.S395 1787 .C6;…The Indigenous battle diagram and Spanish key survive together. Translating its pictorial signs into alphabetic explanations made the account legible within Spanish colonial reporting.
EA-033 Tianxia jiubian fenye renji lucheng quantu 天下九邊分野人跡路程全圖, British Library print1644 · British Library, London; identified 1644 print reproduced by Cams,…Assemblage joins a Chinese administrative map to continents and names taken from Aleni and Yang’s Chinese world map.
OI-037 Eretz ha-Kedoshah: Holy Land map in the Amsterdam Haggadah1695 · Jüdisches Museum Berlin, GDR90/505/8Christian biblical cartography is translated and reframed within a Hebrew Passover book.
AM-047 Oztoticpac Lands Mapc. 1540 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, item 88690436;…Indigenous cadastral diagrams and measurements are combined with Nahuatl and Spanish alphabetic annotations concerning contested property.
EA-035 Dai Min kyūhen bankoku jinseki rotei enzu 大明九邊分野人跡路程全圖, MacLean MC 26634c. 1705; publication bracket 1699–1706 · MacLean Collection, MC 26634; 121 × 121.5 cmThe Japanese edition changes the universal title to Great Ming, adds a Kyoto imprint and recasts the Chinese wall map as a folding map.
OI-038 Iberian Peninsula and western Maghreb chart in the 1571 atlasWork dated 1571; surviving manuscript… · Bodleian Library, MS. Marsh 294, f. 7r (digital label 7a)Catalan coastal names are transcribed in Arabic script alongside retained Arabic names for Iberian places.
AM-051 Map of Zolipa, Misantla, Veracruz1573 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1535;…An Indigenous territorial painting was annotated in Spanish by the corregidor to authenticate a proposed land grant.
EA-036 Kunyu quantu 坤輿全圖, Ghent BIB.IZN.000011c. 1639–1645; Ghent print commonly… · Ghent University Library, BIB.IZN.000011; older identifiers Krt. 928…European outlines and a spherical-earth explanation are rendered in Chinese.
OI-039 North Pole map in the 1729 Cihannüma manuscript1729 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Supplément turc 215, f. 60rEuropean polar geography is redrawn and selectively relabelled in an Ottoman manuscript.
AM-052 Map of Tezontepec and Acatitlan, Hidalgo1571 · Archivo General de la Nación, Mapas, Planos e Ilustraciones no. 1240;…An Otomí community’s pictorial claim was presented through an identified interpreter and authenticated with alphabetic glosses and officials’ signatures.
EA-038 Shanhai yudi quantu / Wudazhou quantu, paired hemispheres in Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略1612 or shortly thereafter · National Archives of Japan, Fangyu shenglüe, waiyi section, first…Ricci-derived geography and copied Chinese prefaces are reorganized into two hemispheres in the book’s account of foreign peoples.
EA-043 Keiten gatchi Dai Shin kōyozu 經天合地大清廣輿圖, NDL 特7-6561785 · National Diet Library, 特7-656; bibliographic ID 000007548061; digital…The Japanese compiler remodels a Chinese map and updates its provincial information from a Qing gazetteer.
EA-045 Nansenbushūzu 南瞻部洲図, Kobe Nanba manuscript1704–1711 (Hōei era, museum attribution) · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 150.8 × 155.5 cm; one manuscript…European countries, including Holland, are placed within the Buddhist continent of Jambudvīpa.
EA-046 Chikyū zenzu 地球全図, world-map appendix to Hokusa bunryaku 北槎聞略1794 · National Archives of Japan, original Hokusa bunryaku submitted in…A Russian world-map model is copied and annotated in Japanese for the 1794 account.
EA-047 Oranda shin’yaku chikyū zenzu 喎蘭新訳地球全図, Tokushima 世141796 · Tokushima University Library, 世14; 553 × 921 mmThe map presents a new Japanese translation of a Dutch world map and assembles additional Chinese and Japanese explanations.
EA-050 Ichnographia urbis Jedo, plate XXX in The History of Japan1727 · Wolfgang Michel Collection, Fukuoka; photographed copy of The History…Ishikawa Ryūsen’s 1689 Japanese city plan is reduced into a European engraved plate with a Latin title and romanized labels.

Cihannüma and Hondius: A claim of direct transmission

Documented grade not assigned

The collection and dealer catalogues identify the comparison objects. They do not by themselves document direct copying between these particular impressions.

A source explicitly attesting the specific transmission would be needed.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

Derived

Evidence grade: attached to each claim, not to a whole map

The relation follows from linked documentary or object evidence through an explicit, checkable reconstruction.

Census records admitted at this grade (29)

AF-007 Il disegno della geografia moderna de tutta la parte dell’Africa1564 · American Geographical Society Library, University of…Al-Hasan al-Wazzan’s African geography enters an Italian map.
AM-001 El Gran Rio Marañón o Amazonas1707 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, GE D-7855Indigenous geographical reports supplied parts of the river system outside Fritz’s own journeys; these were incorporated in his manuscript and engraved map.
EA-005 Jiangxi yu tu, in Huangyu quanlan fensheng tu1721–1722 (catalogue dating) · Library of Congress, G2306.F7 H8 1722; item 2002626779, Jiangxi sheetChinese provincial geography is plotted on the survey’s graticule, with Beijing as prime meridian.
SA-023 Chart of the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Livro de Francisco Rodrigues, f. 37after 1520, following a c. 1513 original · Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée nationale, Paris, MS 1248, f. 37A Javanese chart was translated for Albuquerque; scholarship identifies this surviving chart as a derivative.
OI-005 World map in the Ali Macar Reis atlas1567 · Topkapı Palace Museum Library, H.644, ff. 7b–8aGastaldi-school world geography relabelled in Ottoman Turkish.
AM-009 Carte du cours du Maragnon1745 publication; survey 1743–1744 (BnF… · BnF, GE DD-2987 (9542)Reworks Fritz’s earlier map, which incorporated Indigenous geographical reports. This is a mediated transfer through a documented predecessor, not proof of a new direct collaboration.

Show all 29 maps

EA-006 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiushi fangyu gujin tu1794 · Library of Congress, gm71005053British double-hemisphere geography is reorganized around Chinese textual and geographic concerns.
OI-009 Western hemisphere map in Tarih-i Hind-i GarbiSeventeenth century; inserted into a… · Leiden University Libraries, Or.12.365, f. 120aEuropean hemisphere geography rendered in Ottoman Turkish.
AM-011 Passage par terre à la Californie1705 · David Rumsey Map Collection, David Rumsey Map Center, Stanford…Kino used Indigenous information about overland routes and the provenance of blue shells when revising California from island to peninsula; the 1705 French map transmits that result.
EA-020 Bankoku sōkaizu, 1708 edition1708 · University of British Columbia, Rare Books and Special Collections;…The Ricci-derived Bankoku sōzu world layout is recut with Japanese labels and imagery.
OI-034 Circular world map in the 1551 atlas1551 · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 2278, f. 3rPortolan features are combined with Arabic circular-world geography.
AM-027 Codex Quetzalecatzin1593 · Library of Congress, item 2017590521The de León family’s territorial genealogy combines Nahuatl graphic place names with Latin alphabetic naming and Christian status markers.
EA-026 Honil gangni yeokdae gukdo jido, Honkōji witnessSixteenth-century revised witness;… · Honkōji Temple, Shimabara, Nagasaki PrefectureThe map retains Euro-African names traced to Islamic geography within a revised Korean-Chinese world-map design.
AM-032 Map of Texupa1579 · Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, C-028-010, registro 01139;…An Indigenous regional map answers the royal inquiry while placing glyphic settlements within a rectilinear colonial spatial order.
EA-037 Yudi shanhai quantu 輿地山海全圖 in Tushubian 圖書編, 1613 Harvard copy1613 · Harvard-Yenching Library, Tushubian, juan 29, fols. 33b–34a; copy…The printed Chinese map omits the names Europe and Western Ocean while retaining the other continental names.
AM-033 Map of MacuilxóchitlApril 1580 · Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, C-028-007; RAH20110000387A map made for the royal inquiry sets a cross on an Indigenous hill/place glyph and uses alphabetic Nahuatl to recount local Zapotec history.
EA-039 Sansen yochi zenzu 山川輿地全図 in Morokoshi kinmō zui 唐土訓蒙図彙1719 · National Archives of Japan, Morokoshi kinmō zui, juan 2, fols. 2a–3a;…Japanese recutting changes the Chinese source’s landforms and labels while preserving the paired hemispheres.
AM-042 Copy of a sketch of the Monongahela, with the field of battlec.1755 · Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, G3824.P6S26 1755…An Indigenous scout’s account of the battlefield was copied for British use. The sheet’s wording was changed from authorship by an Indian to drawing under an Indian’s direction, making mediation unusually visible.
EA-040 Sekai bankoku chikyūzu 世界萬國地球圖, Meiji AS04/130//H1708 · Meiji University Library, Ashida Collection AS04/130//H; BB00474558;…The Japanese print uses European-derived polar hemispheres and Japanese labels; its inscription names Kentei’s figures as the source.
AM-048 Humboldt Fragment VI: plan of palace lands in Texcoco litigationc. 1546 · Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Manuscripta americana 1, Bl. 4, Fragment 6A property diagram copied from the Oztoticpac map retains Indigenous measurements and adds Spanish jurisdictional wording within a pictorial representation of a colonial hearing.
EA-041 Yochizu 輿地図, Kobe Nanba copy1720 · Kobe City Museum, Nanba Collection; 90.9 × 154.1 cm (catalogue)Katakana place names and revised Southeast Asia localize the Ricci-derived world map; Gold and Silver Islands are added east of Japan.
AM-049 Lienzo de Quauhquechollan1530s · Museo Regional de Cholula, Puebla; formerly Museo Casa de AlfeñiqueA Nahua road-and-conquest map adapts the Habsburg eagle within its place-sign system to represent the Quauhquecholteca–Spanish alliance.
EA-042 Chikyū bankoku sankai yochi zenzusetsu 地球萬國山海輿地全図説, LOC gm71005079late 1780s; LOC dates [1785?], Unno c.… · Library of Congress, G3200 1785 .N31; gm71005079The Japanese map retains translated world geography and revises northern Japan and recently known place names.
AM-050 Pintura of Amoltepec, Relación geográfica1580 · Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin, JGI…A requested royal map preserves the circular boundary arrangement and local place glyph, while incorporating a Catholic church as a central settlement sign.
EA-044 Kō Min yochi no zu 皇明輿地之図, Rinsendō print WC-2/27c. 1659 in scholarship; catalogue… · Yokohama City University Library, WC-2/27; one woodblock map, 124 ×…A Japanese woodblock edition reproduces the 1631 Chinese map with a Kyoto publishing imprint.
EA-048 Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiu shi fangyu gujin tu, MacLean 297731800; signed and dated August 1800 · MacLean Collection, 29773; image 60 × 93 cm, scroll 211 × 105 cmThe signed 1800 map abridges Zhuang’s earlier Chinese adaptation of European hemisphere cartography and retains voyage-route markings.
EA-049 Cheonhayeojido 天下輿地圖, 1747 woodblock map at Soongsil1747 · Korean Christian Museum, Soongsil University; 1747 woodblock map…Distinct regions combine Ming and Qing sources with Joseon maps; Manchurian information and Korean administrative geography are selectively updated.
EA-051 Map on oil paper of the Kingdom of Korea given to the Jesuits by the Chineselate 1720s–early 1730s, before… · Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et Plans, Ge DD 2987…The Paris copy carries a key to Manchu place names and transliterated toponyms from material sent from Beijing.
EA-052 World-map screen of Shitozu / Sekaizu byōbu 四都図・世界図屏風early seventeenth century · Kobe City Museum, Ikenaga Collection; important-cultural-property…The Japanese screen adapts a European wall-map design and alters the depiction of Korea and the northern coastline.

Cihannüma and Hondius: A reconstructed sequence of witnesses

Derived grade not assigned

A sequence linking an identified source, intermediate manuscript and printed map would need an explicit, checkable reconstruction. That chain has not been completed for this illustration.

Linked documentary or object evidence, with intermediate steps stated.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

Inferred

Evidence grade: attached to each claim, not to a whole map

Indirect evidence supports a plausible interpretation; alternative explanations remain material.

Census records admitted at this grade (5)

AM-002 Mapamundi del rreino de las Yndiasc.1615 · Royal Danish Library, GKS 2232 4º, pp. 1001–1002An Andean author reorganised European world-map conventions through the four Andean suyus within a Spanish-language address to the king.
EA-053 Bankoku ezu byōbu 萬国絵図屏風, world-map left screen SZK002967seventeenth century · Museum of the Imperial Collections, Sannomaru Shōzōkan, SZK002967;…The screen adds eclipse diagrams absent from its presumed Dutch model; their distinctive features connect them to Japanese Jesuit cosmology texts.
AM-006 Map of Tenochtitlan (2nd Letter)1524 · Newberry Library, VAULT Ayer 655.51 .C8 1524dA reconstructed Indigenous prototype or Indigenous spatial model was reworked through European woodcut and urban-view conventions.
AM-016 Map of Mexico City and its surroundings (Uppsala map)c. 1537–1541 proposed; traditionally c.… · Uppsala University Library, Alvin record 85478;…Nahua spatial and pictorial conventions are selectively combined with European visual strategies; an added Latin dedication mediates the map for Charles V.
AM-046 [La Nouvelle France] faict par le Sr de Champlain1616 (unfinished engraved map/proof) · John Carter Brown Library, [La Nouvelle France], digital object…The western Great Lakes on this map incorporate an Ottawa chief’s charcoal drawing on bark, given to Champlain in exchange for a hatchet. Its treatment of James Bay combines European and Indigenous accounts.

Cihannüma and Hondius: Korea’s corresponding island outlines

Inferred · proposed V-RET

The correspondence supports a provisional retention hypothesis. An intervening witness remains possible, so the inference does not identify the immediate exemplar.

Paired observation plus a stated alternative; specialist verification pending.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

Uncertain

Evidence grade: attached to each claim, not to a whole map

The available evidence is ambiguous, conflicting or insufficient to sustain a stable interpretation.

Census records admitted at this grade (0)

No census record is admitted at this grade; the grade is used for detailed claims.

Cihannüma and Hondius: The northern band’s meaning

Uncertain · V-ND

The Latin map names a wall. The Ottoman signs could represent a wall, mountains or a combination. The current comparison cannot settle their intended meaning.

Competing interpretations remain open.

Hondius, China, Atlas minor (1607), Rumsey 11201.437 · Memālik-i Çīn, Cihannüma (1732), Crouch inventory 1741

Human review of the Hondius observations

Florin-Stefan Morar checked 52 observations against map-image crops on 10 October 2026: 41 confirmed, seven corrected, four unresolved. All 36 observations on the Rumsey Atlas minor plate were confirmed or corrected. These are checklist observations, not a count of distinct place-names.

The review checks the European comparator. Ottoman readings and proposed translation relationships require separate evidence. The three questions about Chinese identifications and mediating languages record interpretative feedback and are excluded from the 48 accepted observations.

Read the 52 observation records

Hondius observation review, 10 October 2026
No.	Reading or observation	PI review	Witness
1	Septentrio (right-hand frame: north is on the right)	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
2	Occidens (top frame: the plate is west-up)	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
3	Corea Insula	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
4	Korea drawn as a long island, separate from the mainland	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
5	Murus 400 Leucarum contra eruptiones Tartarorum a Rege Chinæ extructus	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
6	LUCO / NIA (split across the island; no I. or Insula with it)	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
7	Lacus Cincuiay (the elongated lake in the west; same spelling on the 1606 folio)	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
8	Pegu	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
9	Hoquay	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
10	Colem	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
11	Ceaui	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
12	Niachu	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
13	ImstusiInitial reading: Imtuſi	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
14	Cochinchina	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
15	C. Cipuaon	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
16	Hilam	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
17	RehiaouInitial reading: [P/R]ehiou	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
18	Queuiuhu	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
19	Toziohu	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
20	Chanaquieu	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
21	Chinchio	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
22	Piachio	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
23	Chinensi OcianusInitial reading: CHINENSIS / OCIA / NUS	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
24	Chincheo	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
25	Cuchencau	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
26	C. Paquin	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
27	Sichio	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
28	FoquienInitial reading: Fo: / quien	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
29	LuchiuuInitial reading: Luc: hiuu	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
30	NaquiiInitial reading: Nãquii	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
31	C. Liangtam	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
32	Xuntien vel Quinsay	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
33	CHINA	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
34	Meridies	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
35	Oriens	Confirmed	1607 · Rumsey
36	OcianusInitial reading: OCIA / NUS	Corrected by PI	1607 · Rumsey
37	Lop	Unresolved	1606 · Bern
38	Cotam	Unresolved	1606 · Bern
39	C. Paquin	Unresolved	1606 · Bern
40	Corea I.	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
41	Carazan	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
42	Mechenderi	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
43	Vociam	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
44	Amoy	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
45	Chiamai Lacus	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
46	Tolema	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
47	Caon	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
48	COCHIN CHINA	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
49	Pegu	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
50	I. LUCONIÆ PARS	Confirmed	1606 · Bern
51	Man[remainder unreadable]	Unresolved	1606 · Bern
52	CHINENSIS OCEANUS	Confirmed	1606 · Bern

Download the review: CSV · JSON with sources and scope.

Codes · How we code · CIDOC CRM structure · Power relations

How we code: COMPASS

COMPASS (Coding of Map-translation Practices Across Scripts and Substrates) connects inscriptions, graphic forms and map objects to the people and episodes through which geographical knowledge moved.

Every map receives a census record; maps in the intensive corpus of at least 70 map families receive full COMPASS coding. For these maps, the coder works through each map three times: once for its inscriptions, the linguistic tier; once for its graphic elements, the visual tier; and once for the object itself, placed in the chain of copies and editions it belongs to, the material tier. Each pass produces records of one shape: an element, a code from a closed list, the source form where one is known, the language the information passed through, the grade of the evidence, and who coded it and when.

Research protocol 0.2 · contextual fields revised 5 October 2026; workflow wording aligned with the proposal 8 October 2026. This edition sets out the coding rules, record structure and planned reliability checks. The project pilot will test the protocol before COMPASS 1.0 is released.

Units and decision rules

Census witness: One identifiable surviving map in a specified manuscript, edition or state. Record holding, qualifying cross-cultural operation and evidence. Families organize linked witnesses and do not inflate the count.
Linguistic tier: One inscription or explicitly defined component. Record language, script, reading, source form and mediating form where supported.
Visual tier: One graphic element, with composite and component records linked. Establish its meaning within the relevant convention profile.
Material tier: One map object linked to other states through evidenced production, revision or use episodes.
Power relation: One actor-action relation or condition in a historical episode. This relational layer connects to the three tiers; it does not assign power to whole traditions.

Establish census eligibility before intensive coding. Baseline maps can inform convention profiles but remain outside the cross-cultural map totals.
Separate visible observation, proposed interpretation, source relationship and historical consequence. Each can have a different evidence grade.
Use a common vocabulary with tier-specific applicability. TRL is linguistic; a graphic label is coded as an inscription.
Assign one primary operation to a defined feature and dimension. Add linked assignments only when they express distinct operations; record alternatives as alternatives.
Record partial illegibility, missing images and unresolved identity explicitly. Empty fields never mean absence.
Keep a witnessed source relationship distinct from a family resemblance, a candidate intermediary and a contextual parallel.
Never infer a power relation from an operation alone. A changed name does not identify the person who changed it or their authority.
Aggregate by stated unit and denominator. Report assessed records, unknowns, source coverage and family dependence; distinguish maps, elements and episodes.

Translation operations

Prefix a code with L- for an inscription or V- for a graphic element. Text inside a symbol remains an inscription. Definitions, decision rules and census examples for every code are in the COMPASS codes menu: RET Retention · TRL Transliteration · TRA Translation · SUB Substitution · ADP Adaptation · ASM Assemblage · INV Innovation · OMI Omission · ND Not determinable.

Material relationships

These codes describe a transition between states or uses of map objects. Identify both ends of a link and the episode that connects them. Several types can apply only when each describes a distinct aspect.

M-REP Reproduction · M-LOC Localization · M-TRF Transformation

When evidence has been examined but a material relationship cannot be resolved, set assessment_status to assessed, relation_status to not_determinable and assigned_code to null. Material relationship types remain M-REP, M-LOC and M-TRF; uncertainty is a separate status, not a fourth relationship type.

Evidence and uncertainty

Grades belong to particular claims. An admitted census record does not confer its grade on every inscription, family link or power relation. These are CROSS vocabularies, separate from CIDOC CRM.

documented: An identifiable source explicitly supports the particular relation or action.
derived: The relation follows from linked documentary or object evidence through an explicit, checkable reconstruction.
inferred: Indirect evidence supports a plausible interpretation; alternative explanations remain material.
uncertain: The available evidence is ambiguous, conflicting or insufficient to sustain a stable interpretation.

Assessment and relationship states

Assessment status

not_assessed: The relevant assessment has not been undertaken. No positive or negative finding follows.
proposed: A candidate interpretation has been recorded for investigation or specialist review.
assessed: A researcher has examined the cited evidence and recorded a supported assignment or explicit ND.
adjudicated: A recorded disagreement has been reviewed; preserve both original assignments and the reason for the resolution.

Source relationship status

established: The recorded relationship is supported at its stated grade.
candidate: A relationship to test.
contextual_parallel: Relevant correspondence without an asserted line of descent.
not_determinable: Examined evidence does not resolve the relationship.

For power assertions, record present, not_determinable or evidence_against only after assessment. Silence is not evidence against. Grade a claimed or observed outcome separately; otherwise leave it unknown.

What every record contains

A record must let another researcher find the feature, reconstruct the assignment and question it. Required fields can be unresolved; each unresolved value needs a reason. A completed claim needs a named coder, date, source locator and evidence grade.

map_or_illustration_id: Census witness ID, or a clearly separate illustration ID when the physical witness is not yet identified.
element_id / parent_id: Stable inscription, graphic element or composite identifier; preserve component relationships.
locator: Folio, sheet and image region. Store image identity and coordinate system so a crop can be found again.
observation: What can be read or seen, before the interpretation. Preserve original script and mark uncertain readings.
source_links: Candidate or established source objects, their locators and relation status. A contextual parallel is not a direct ancestor.
convention_profile_id: Versioned account of the conventions needed to interpret the element, with its sources and exceptions.
assessment_id / target_id: One scholarly assertion about one target and defined dimension. Link revisions rather than overwriting them.
assigned_code / candidate_code: Record a settled assignment separately from a proposed alternative; never count a candidate as verified coding.
assessment_status: not_assessed, proposed, assessed or adjudicated. Record disagreement and resolution separately.
evidence / grade: Bibliographic or archival source, page/folio/image region, relevant basis and the CROSS evidence grade for this claim.
reasoning / alternatives: Explain the inference, its boundaries, and any live competing interpretation.
coder / date / version: Researcher ID, assessment date and codebook version. Codes are specialist assignments; record any machine-assisted transcription or discovery input, tool/version and expert verification separately.
episode / actors / outcomes: For historical actions, identify phase, participants and affected actors or resources. Grade relation, effect and outcome separately.

Machine assistance supplies inputs

OCR/HTR, vision-language models (VLMs), image retrieval and other methods can propose transcriptions, feature locations, place matches and source leads. The choice of method remains open. Machine outputs are inputs for review; specialists determine witness identity, historical relationships and COMPASS codes. Accepted records enter a structured database with explicit identifiers, controlled values and deterministic validation. Unverified suggestions remain separate from accepted data.

How CIDOC CRM connects the records

The profile uses CIDOC CRM 7.1.3. A historical activity and our assessment of it have separate identifiers, actors and dates. Physical maps, their content and digital reproductions also remain distinct.

Historical relationship

Source map P16 production activity P108 resulting map

The later activity uses the source and produces the new witness.

Research assignment

Target feature P140 assessment P141 assigned code

P177 identifies the kind of relationship assigned; coder, date and consulted evidence complete the record.

Entity crosswalk

E22 Human-Made Object: An identified physical map witness. A database record or an unidentified image is not itself this object.
E12 Production: The manufacture of a physical map witness.
E7 Activity: A historical translation, annotation, commissioning, authentication, use or circulation episode, with its own evidence.
E65 Creation: Creation of intellectual content, where this can be distinguished from physical manufacture.
E39 Actor: An identified historical actor or present researcher; use E21 Person or E74 Group where appropriate.
E53 Place: An episode location or identified geographical place. Institutional actors remain separate from locations.
E52 Time-Span: An evidenced temporal extent. Keep historical dates separate from dates of scholarly assessment.
E34 Inscription: The recognisable linguistic content of a map inscription. Its particular physical embodiment and image region remain separately identifiable.
E36 Visual Item: Recognisable graphic content. This is distinct from its physical carrier.
E90 Symbolic Object: Symbolic content carried by a physical map; E34 and E36 provide more specific classes.
E13 Attribute Assignment: A dated scholarly assignment of a code or relation to an identified target, with coder, consulted evidence and reasoning.
E55 Type: A controlled CROSS code, role, evidence grade or property type. These vocabularies have distinct purposes.
E31 Document: An identifiable evidence document or scholarly record. Bibliographic and archival locators identify the passage used.

Relationship crosswalk and safeguards

E12 Production

P108 has produced → E22 Physical map witness

E22 is within the E24 range. Assert only for the identified witness; an image date is not its manufacture date.

E65 Creation

P94 has created → E90 Created symbolic content

Use when the evidence supports an intellectual creation distinct from physical manufacture; E90 is within E28.

E7 Historical episode

P14 carried out by → E39 Responsible actor

This is active participation with causal or legal responsibility. Do not apply it to every affected, named or present actor.

E7 Historical episode

P4 has time-span → E52 Historical time-span

E7 is within the E2 domain. Record uncertainty and the dating source; do not invent a date to fill the field.

E7 Historical episode

P7 took place at → E53 Episode location

E7 is within the E4 domain. This records location, not political jurisdiction or institutional membership.

E7 Production or translation activity

P16 used specific object → E70 Identified source map or content

Use requires evidence for this particular source. P16 does not connect two production events or prove genealogy from visual similarity.

E22 Physical map witness

P128 carries → E90 Symbolic content

Keep the physical witness distinct from its content. E22 is within E18.

E22 Physical map witness

P65 shows visual item → E36 Graphic element or recognisable image

E22 is within E24. Showing an image does not establish what it represents or why it was used.

E13 Scholarly assessment

P140 assigned attribute to → E1 Target element, witness or historical episode

The target is the subject of the attributed relationship. It is not the coder or the evidence source.

E13 Scholarly assessment

P141 assigned → E55 Assigned CROSS code

E55 is within E1. A relation assessment may assign another CRM entity instead; each assignment records one explicit target-relation-value combination.

E13 Scholarly assessment

P177 assigned property of type → E55 Type of relationship being assigned

This names the relationship from the P140 target to the P141 value. For classification, use P2 has type; for a CROSS-specific property, define that property explicitly. The relationship type and assigned code are not interchangeable.

E13 Scholarly assessment

P14 carried out by → E39 Researcher or responsible research group

E13 is an E7 subclass. This actor is the assessor, separate from historical makers and informants.

E13 Scholarly assessment

P4 has time-span → E52 Assessment time-span

Use the actual coding date when coding has occurred. An illustrative template does not create a completed assessment.

E13 Scholarly assessment

P16 used specific object → E31 Consulted evidence document

E13 is within E7 and E31 within E70. Identify the exact passage, folio or image feature in the evidence record.

E31 Evidence document

P70 documents → E1 Documented entity

The direction is document to entity. This documentary relationship is distinct from the assessment's consultation of the source and is not a certainty grade.

Actor roles belong to participation in particular episodes. The person affected by an action is not automatically its responsible actor. For RDF, participation roles follow the official property-class pattern.

A proposed source link remains a scholarly attribution until its evidence supports a historical relationship. The profile does not imply that the census has already been converted into a CRM database.

Workflow from census to analysis

Identify and admit
Locate the surviving witness and record the operation that qualifies it for the census. Record family leads separately. The current census contains 107 admitted maps; the project database target is more than 500.
Select and contextualize
Build the intensive corpus of at least 70 map families. Set the corpus at month 18. Assemble source packets and versioned convention profiles; keep baseline material outside the counted corpus.
Pilot and revise
During months 7–12, independently double-code 24 maps. Review the actor, setting and episode fields on 12–15 episodes within this pilot. Preserve disagreements, revise rules and release COMPASS 1.0 at month 12.
Code and connect
For each selected map, record inscriptions, graphic elements and material relationships. Link source objects, historical episodes and modern assignments through stable identifiers. Full coding runs in months 13–36.
Review
Double-code one fifth of the maps in the intensive corpus, including the 24 pilot maps. Report agreement by dimension and retain adjudication history.
Analyze and release
Trace routes and transformations across the linked records. Release versioned data, codebook and source locators, subject to image rights and repository conditions. Report documentary gaps with each analysis.

Codebook and reusable records

Full COMPASS codebook 0.2 Definitions, rules, actor and setting fields, and workflow
Blank coding record Fields for an inscription, graphic element, material link or episode
CIDOC CRM application profile Classes, relationships and official definitions

Power relations in mapping encounters

Actor, setting and evidence fields. These questions guide the account of who commissioned, constrained, revised, authorised or used geographical knowledge in a particular encounter. They connect documented episodes to the linguistic, visual and material operations recorded in COMPASS. Each historical assertion requires evidence and an interpretation of its limits. The pilot will test whether researchers can reconstruct these relations consistently.

Several relations may belong to the same episode. A commissioned map could be made under coercive conditions and still credit its informant. Each assignment needs evidence for the particular relation, its direction and its limits.

Commissioning and direction: Who initiated, funded or prescribed the work?
Evidence and limits
A commission, payment, instruction, correspondence or explicit contemporary attribution identifies the initiating or directing actor and the work concerned.
Funding does not establish control over every decision. Record instruction, funding and commissioning as distinct actions where the evidence permits.
Constraint and coercion: Whose freedom to participate, leave or withhold knowledge was restricted?
Evidence and limits
Attested captivity, forced removal, threats, compulsory service or comparable restrictions connected to the encounter.
Distinguish coercive circumstances from evidence that drawing or disclosure itself was forced. A colonial setting, employment or unequal status alone does not prove coercion.
Selection and revision: Who could accept, reject, alter or retain geographical information?
Evidence and limits
Instructions, documented revisions, editorial exchanges or other evidence assign a selection or revision decision to an actor.
Translation and intermediary roles alone do not establish decision-making authority. An observed difference between maps does not identify who caused it or why.
Authorisation and validation: Who could authenticate the map or make it admissible?
Evidence and limits
Signatures, certificates, inspections, privileges, official acceptance or rejection establish a validating act or authority.
A dedication, seal or royal emblem alone does not establish official authorization. Distinguish authentication, permission to publish and acceptance as evidence.
Attribution and recognition: Whose contribution was acknowledged, claimed, reassigned or suppressed?
Evidence and limits
Inscriptions, paratexts or comparisons between attributable versions document how a contribution was credited or represented.
Record visible credit separately from intentional suppression. Missing names do not prove erasure. The actor assigning credit may remain unknown; interpretation as an exercise of power requires a further argument.
Access and circulation: Who could obtain, retain, copy, distribute or restrict the map or its information?
Evidence and limits
Custody records, permissions, bans, secrecy instructions, copying restrictions or conditions of exchange establish access or circulation practices.
Present-day ownership does not establish early modern control. Distinguish physical custody, access to information and permission to reproduce.
Claims and entitlement: Whose rights or jurisdiction did the map assert or contest?
Evidence and limits
A petition, litigation file, treaty, explicit inscription or documented use connects the map to a specific claim or counterclaim.
A boundary, projection or territorial label alone does not prove a political purpose. Record the claimant, intended audience and object of the claim; do not assume the claim succeeded.
Negotiation and refusal: Who imposed conditions, challenged a demand, withheld information or secured a concession?
Evidence and limits
Recorded bargaining, refusal, counterclaims, conditions of participation or corroborated withholding establish a particular negotiating act.
Participation does not establish consent, reciprocity or equality. Omission from a map does not establish deliberate withholding.

Other documented examples of power relations

PA-001 · Tuki’s map, 1793

Constraint: Tuki’s abduction and removal to Norfolk Island establish coercive circumstances. Attribution: the surviving manuscript names him as its drawer. These observations do not establish that drawing the map was itself forced. Sources: Barton, “Maori geographical knowledge and mapping” (1980), pp. 8–9; The National Archives, MPG 1/532/5, reproduction and transcript, pp. 14–17.

AM-052 · Tezontepec, 1571

Claims: Otomí petitioners used the map to request land. Authentication: officials inspected the terrain and authenticated the painting; the document bears the magistrate’s, interpreter’s and scribe’s signatures. The interpreter’s involvement alone does not establish control over the map’s content. Source: Museo Amparo, object account, first two paragraphs.

SA-026 · Awadh, 1770

Commissioning: Gentil commissioned the atlas containing this map. Its use of Persian geographical material connects the episode to COMPASS. The commission alone does not establish the terms of payment, the artists’ freedom to refuse or control over each translation decision. Source: Dadlani, “Transporting India” (2015), p. 752 and plate 2.

Record structure, evidence and pilot

One record describes one relation in a dated episode. A map can have several episodes, and one episode can connect several maps. Relations are reassessed for each copy or later use.

Episode: Map ID; episode ID; date and place; phase of production, translation, validation, circulation or use.
Relation: Actor and role; action or condition; other actor or controlled resource; direction of the relation. Unidentified actors remain explicitly unknown.
Evidence: Source, page or folio, relevant passage or image region, evidence grade, and competing interpretation. Each relation receives its own grade; the census admission grade is not inherited.
Operation: Link to the affected COMPASS record when supported. An empty link means that an effect on a particular operation has not been established.
Outcome: Record what an actor claimed or intended separately from any observed result. An authenticated map need not have secured the requested rights.
Assessment: Distinguish not assessed from assessed but not determinable. An absence claim requires evidence for a defined episode. Record coder, date, provenance and review status.

Planned pilot, months 7–12: two researchers will independently code 12–15 episodes within the 24-map COMPASS pilot, spanning commissions, petitions, captivity, scholarly annotation and circulation, including cases with thin documentation. Disagreements about actors, actions and source passages will guide revision before wider use.

These records support explanations of how particular relations shaped particular translation choices. They do not produce a power score. Frequencies also reflect the survival and richness of documentation. Claims about a change in authority require evidence of reception or use alongside the map’s form.

Download the full COMPASS codebook, including the power-relation record structure.

Selected collection portals

Starting points for collection research. The revised map entries cite additional repositories and link to specific catalogue records where available. This directory is not a count of the collections represented in the census.

Index of entries

What the census establishes

Definitions

From the preliminary census to a database of 500+ maps

COMPASS codes

COMPASS codes

RET Retention

In the census (26 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: Korea’s outline

TRL Transliteration

In the census (39 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The name Luconia

TRA Translation

In the census (31 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The category attached to Korea

SUB Substitution

In the census (7 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: A name or graphic element in the same position

ADP Adaptation

In the census (70 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: Map orientation

ASM Assemblage

In the census (35 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The map as a composite

INV Innovation

In the census (3 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: A candidate new feature

OMI Omission

In the census (6 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The Great Wall explanation

ND Not determinable

In the census (0 maps)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The north label and the northern band’s meaning

M-REP Reproduction

Family links of this type in the census (1)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The production relationship between map objects

M-LOC Localization

Family links of this type in the census (4)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The map’s use in an Ottoman publication

M-TRF Transformation

Family links of this type in the census (6)

Cihannüma and Hondius: Material form and function

Documented

Census records admitted at this grade (73)

Cihannüma and Hondius: A claim of direct transmission

Derived

Census records admitted at this grade (29)

Cihannüma and Hondius: A reconstructed sequence of witnesses

Inferred

Census records admitted at this grade (5)

Cihannüma and Hondius: Korea’s corresponding island outlines

Uncertain

Census records admitted at this grade (0)

Cihannüma and Hondius: The northern band’s meaning

Human review of the Hondius observations

How we code: COMPASS

Units and decision rules

Translation operations

Material relationships

Evidence and uncertainty

Assessment status

Source relationship status

What every record contains

Machine assistance supplies inputs

How CIDOC CRM connects the records

Historical relationship

Research assignment

E12 Production

E65 Creation

E7 Historical episode

E7 Historical episode

E7 Historical episode

E7 Production or translation activity

E22 Physical map witness

E22 Physical map witness

E13 Scholarly assessment

E13 Scholarly assessment

E13 Scholarly assessment

E13 Scholarly assessment

E13 Scholarly assessment

`RET` Retention

`TRL` Transliteration

`TRA` Translation

`SUB` Substitution

`ADP` Adaptation

`ASM` Assemblage

`INV` Innovation

`OMI` Omission

`ND` Not determinable

`M-REP` Reproduction

`M-LOC` Localization

`M-TRF` Transformation